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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about the way you...
Decision Making: Traditional Method01:14

Decision Making: Traditional Method

The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is decided based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to this claim is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses, out of which a null hypothesis would be a...
Bias01:22

Bias

Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
In statistics, a sampling bias is created when a sample is collected from a population, and some members of the population are not as likely to be chosen as others (remember, each member...
Reason and Intuition01:37

Reason and Intuition

The human brain processes information for decision-making using one of two routes: an intuitive system and a rational system (Epstein, 1994; popularized by Kahneman, 2011 as System 1 and System 2, respectively). The intuitive system is quick, impulsive, and operates with minimal effort, relying on emotions or habits to provide cues for what to do next, while the rational system is logical, analytical, deliberate, and methodical. Research in neuropsychology suggests that the brain can only use...
Protecting Self-Esteem01:27

Protecting Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a central component of psychological well-being, is actively maintained through various cognitive and behavioral strategies. Individuals employ specific mechanisms to preserve a positive self-concept and mitigate threats to their self-worth, particularly in contexts involving social evaluation or personal feedback. Four primary techniques are commonly used to sustain self-esteem.Manipulating AppraisalsOne prominent strategy involves manipulating appraisals from others. Individuals...

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Related Experiment Video

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Online Gamers
06:01

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Online Gamers

Published on: November 9, 2019

Selective decision-making deficits in at-risk gamblers.

Jon Edgar Grant1, Samuel Robin Chamberlain, Liana Renne Nelson Schreiber

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55454, USA.

Psychiatry Research
|July 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Individuals at risk for pathological gambling exhibit impaired decision-making, not motor impulsivity. Cognitive deficits in risk assessment may precede gambling problem development.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Pathological gambling (PG) is a recognized disorder, yet its cognitive origins remain unclear.
  • Understanding cognitive antecedents is crucial for early identification and intervention in at-risk individuals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate decision-making and impulsivity in individuals at risk for developing pathological gambling.
  • To differentiate cognitive profiles between at-risk gamblers and social gamblers.

Main Methods:

  • Neuropsychological tests, including the Cambridge Gamble Task and Stop-signal Task, were administered.
  • Participants included non-treatment seeking volunteers (18-29 years) gambling ≥ 5 times/year, categorized as 'at risk' (n=74) or social gamblers (n=112).
  • Clinical assessments included the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Pathological Gambling.

Main Results:

  • At-risk gamblers demonstrated increased overall gambling, higher bankruptcy rates, and more irrational decisions under risk ambiguity on the Cambridge Gamble Task.
  • No significant differences in motor impulse control (stop-signal reaction times) were observed between at-risk and social gamblers.
  • Findings suggest pre-existing selective decision-making deficits in at-risk individuals.

Conclusions:

  • Cognitive dysfunction in decision-making, particularly concerning risk assessment, may be an early indicator of pathological gambling development.
  • These deficits implicate orbitofronto-limbic circuitry dysfunction in the progression from social to pathological gambling.
  • Targeted interventions focusing on decision-making processes could be beneficial for individuals at risk.