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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.

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Updated: May 31, 2026

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference
07:56

A Photonic System for Generating Unconditional Polarization-Entangled Photons Based on Multiple Quantum Interference

Published on: September 5, 2019

Multiple decoherence-free states in multi-spin systems.

H J Hogben1, P J Hore, Ilya Kuprov

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK. hannah.hogben@chem.ox.ac.uk

Journal of Magnetic Resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)
|July 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers mapped long-lived quantum states in spin systems. These states, with near-zero eigenvalues, persist longer than typical relaxation times, offering new avenues for quantum information science.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum mechanics
  • Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
  • Chemical physics

Background:

  • Conventional spin relaxation (T1 and T2) limits the lifetime of quantum states.
  • Certain quantum states, like the two-spin singlet, exhibit exceptionally long lifetimes.
  • Understanding these long-lived states is crucial for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a numerical procedure for identifying and mapping the null-space of the spin relaxation superoperator.
  • To investigate the properties and prevalence of slowly relaxing states in larger spin systems.
  • To explore the relationship between coupling topologies and the number of long-lived states.

Main Methods:

  • Numerical analysis of the spin relaxation superoperator.
  • Mapping the null-space and identifying states with near-zero eigenvalues.
  • Studying coupling topologies in n-spin systems (4 ≤ n ≤ 8).

Main Results:

  • A numerical procedure was established for mapping the vicinity of the spin relaxation superoperator's null-space.
  • Numerous slowly relaxing states, beyond the well-known two-spin singlet, were identified in larger spin systems.
  • Symmetry requirements for maximizing the number of long-lived states were suggested based on coupling topologies.

Conclusions:

  • Long-lived quantum states are more abundant in larger spin systems than previously recognized.
  • The identified states offer potential for enhanced coherence times in quantum technologies.
  • Symmetry plays a key role in the emergence and number of these slowly relaxing states.