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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response01:27

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL

Published on: April 11, 2011

acDCs enhance human antigen-specific T-cell responses.

Emanuela Martinuzzi1, Georgia Afonso, Marie-Claude Gagnerault

  • 1Inserm U986, Diabetes & Autoimmunity Research Laboratory, Paris, France.

Blood
|July 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces accelerated co-cultured dendritic cell (acDC) assays to detect antigen-specific T cells. These assays enhance sensitivity and reduce blood needs for immune monitoring in various clinical settings.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

HLA-Ig Based Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells for Efficient ex vivo Expansion of Human CTL
07:18

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Published on: April 11, 2011

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11:31

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cellular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Detecting antigen-specific T cells is challenging due to low sensitivity and high blood volume requirements.
  • Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent T cell stimulators, suggesting in situ induction could improve T cell detection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for in situ induction of dendritic cells (DCs) within peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or whole blood.
  • To link antigen (Ag) processing and presentation with T cell activation in a streamlined assay.
  • To enhance the sensitivity and reduce the requirements for detecting Ag-specific T cell responses.

Main Methods:

  • Incubating unfractionated PBMCs or whole blood with protein/peptide Ags and DC-activating agents for 48 hours.
  • Sequentially inducing, pulsing, and maturing DCs in situ to align with Ag recognition by T cells.
  • Measuring T cell responses including cytokine secretion, proliferation, and marker up-regulation.

Main Results:

  • The in situ DC induction method (acDC assays) significantly amplified Ag-specific T cell responses.
  • This approach reduced assay time, manipulation, and blood requirements.
  • Protein Ag processing was efficient, eliminating the need for prior epitope or HLA restriction knowledge.
  • IL-1β secretion was observed as an indirect biomarker of T cell responses.

Conclusions:

  • Accelerated co-cultured dendritic cell (acDC) assays provide a sensitive method for evaluating T cell responses.
  • This technique is applicable for immune monitoring in viral, tumor, autoimmune, and transplantation contexts.
  • The acDC assay streamlines T cell detection, making it more accessible for clinical applications.