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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...
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Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
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A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...

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Encephalitis in children.

Clara Thompson1, Rachel Kneen, Andrew Riordan

  • 1Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Level 2 Children's Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. clara.thompson@doctors.org.uk

Archives of Disease in Childhood
|July 1, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review addresses the management of encephalitis in children, a neurological syndrome often caused by viral infections. It proposes a management strategy due to the lack of existing guidelines for pediatric cases.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Encephalitis is a serious neurological condition with diverse causes, including viral infections and immune system responses.
  • While bacterial central nervous system infections have established guidelines, viral encephalitis, particularly in children, remains under-addressed.
  • Existing guidelines for encephalitis management primarily target adults, leaving a gap for pediatric care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on encephalitis in children.
  • To formulate a suggested management strategy for pediatric encephalitis.
  • To address the lack of specific guidelines for managing encephalitis in children.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on encephalitis in children.
  • Synthesis of findings to create a management strategy.
  • Exclusion of neonatal cases due to distinct clinical features.

Main Results:

  • Identified a gap in management guidelines for pediatric encephalitis.
  • Developed a comprehensive review of the condition in children.
  • Formulated a proposed management strategy.

Conclusions:

  • There is a critical need for specific management guidelines for pediatric encephalitis.
  • The proposed strategy aims to guide clinicians in managing suspected, diagnosed, and proven cases.
  • This work addresses a significant unmet need in pediatric neurology and infectious disease management.