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Related Concept Videos

Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting01:45

Regulation of Nuclear Protein Sorting

Nuclear protein sorting regulates nucleus composition and gene expression, crucial for determining the fate of a eukaryotic cell. Hence, the entry and exit of molecules across the nuclear envelope is a tightly controlled process. Nuclear protein sorting can be inhibited by one of the following ways: 1) masking cargo signal sequences, 2) modifying the nuclear receptor's affinity for cargo, 3) controlling the nuclear pore size, 4) retaining the cargo during its transit to the cytosol or the...
Rab Proteins01:14

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Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
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Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
09:07

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Published on: June 21, 2016

Multiple cell type-specific proteins differentially regulate target sequence recognition by the alpha retinoic acid

C K Glass1, O V Devary, M G Rosenfeld

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla 92093-0648.

Cell
|November 16, 1990
PubMed
Summary

Multiple nuclear proteins, termed retinoic acid receptor coregulators, modulate the alpha retinoic acid receptor’s gene transcription activity. These coregulators fine-tune retinoic acid receptor functions during vertebrate development.

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Last Updated: Jul 20, 2026

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation
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Published on: June 21, 2016

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies
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Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein
08:18

Methodology for Studying Interactions of Vitamin A Membrane Receptors and Opsin Protein with their Ligands in Generating the Retinylidene Protein

Published on: October 4, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Endocrinology
  • Gene Regulation

Background:

  • Retinoic acid receptors (RARs) are crucial for vertebrate development, controlling gene transcription in a cell-type-specific manner.
  • Understanding the precise mechanisms by which RARs regulate gene expression is essential for deciphering developmental processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the existence and function of nuclear proteins that modulate alpha retinoic acid receptor (RARα) binding affinity.
  • To elucidate the role of these novel proteins in directing RAR transcriptional activity during development.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the interaction between RARα and cell type-specific nuclear proteins.
  • Analyzed the effect of these proteins on RARα binding to response elements.
  • Characterized the interface involved in the interaction between RARα and coregulator proteins.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports the existence of multiple cell type-specific nuclear proteins acting as RAR coregulators.
  • These coregulators enhance RARα binding affinity to various response elements.
  • Coregulator interaction occurs at a dimerization interface overlapping the RARα ligand-binding domain.

Conclusions:

  • Cell type-specific coregulator proteins differentially modulate RARα transcriptional activity.
  • Coregulator proteins may restrict or direct RAR effects on gene expression patterns during development.
  • This interaction provides a mechanism for fine-tuning retinoic acid signaling in development.