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Related Concept Videos

Introduction to Functional Groups02:08

Introduction to Functional Groups


Functional groups are group of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups are found along the carbon backbone of macromolecules can form chains or rings of carbon atoms. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
Types of common functional groups
The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry. (The...
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sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization
Phosphodiester Linkages01:01

Phosphodiester Linkages

Overview
Phosphodiester bond forms when a phosphoric acid molecule (H3PO4) links with two hydroxyl groups (–OH) of two other molecules, forming two ester bonds. Two water molecules are released in this process. The phosphodiester bond is commonly found in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) and plays a critical role in their structure and function.
Phosphodiester Bonds Link Nucleotides Together
DNA and RNA are polynucleotides or long chains of nucleotides that are linked together. A nucleotide is...
Functional Groups02:45

Functional Groups

Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
Overview of Advanced Functional Groups02:22

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups


Functional groups are groups of atoms with specific chemical properties that occur within organic molecules and are sometimes denoted as “R”. Functional groups can “functionalize” a compound by enabling it to adopt different physical and chemical properties.
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The table below summarizes some of the major functional groups in organic chemistry.
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
10:52

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

Published on: July 27, 2022

Phosphorus-based functional groups as hydrogen bonding templates for rotaxane formation.

Rehan Ahmed1, Andrea Altieri, Daniel M D'Souza

  • 1School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9ST, United Kingdom.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Researchers utilized phosphorus-containing functional groups to create [2]rotaxanes. These novel structures, formed via hydrogen bonding, show potential for developing advanced molecular shuttles and catalysts.

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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex
10:52

Line Shape Analysis of Dynamic NMR Spectra for Characterizing Coordination Sphere Rearrangements at a Chiral Rhenium Polyhydride Complex

Published on: July 27, 2022

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Rotaxanes are mechanically interlocked molecules with potential applications in nanotechnology.
  • Hydrogen bonding is a key non-covalent interaction for directing self-assembly.
  • Phosphorus-containing functional groups offer unique electronic and structural properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the use of phosphorus-containing functional groups as hydrogen bond acceptors in rotaxane synthesis.
  • To investigate the self-assembly of macrocycles around threaded axles directed by phosphinamide, thiophosphinamide, and selenophosphinamide groups.
  • To characterize the resulting rotaxane structures using X-ray crystallography.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of [2]rotaxanes using phosphinamides, thio-, and selenophosphinamides as hydrogen bond acceptors.
  • Assembly directed by amide groups on the thread and phosphorus-based functional groups.
  • Structural characterization via X-ray crystallography.

Main Results:

  • Successful synthesis of [2]rotaxanes with yields up to 60%.
  • Identification of multiple intercomponent hydrogen bonds, including novel amide-to-phosphinamide interactions.
  • Observation of a unique water-mediated hydrogen bond network in a phosphine oxide-phosphinamide rotaxane.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphorus-based functional groups are effective hydrogen bond acceptors for rotaxane assembly.
  • The structural diversity of rotaxanes can be tuned by varying phosphorus functional groups.
  • These rotaxanes hold promise for applications in molecular shuttles and catalysis.