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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions01:24

Drug Toxicity: Dose-Dependent Reactions

Drug toxicities can be stratified into pharmacological, pathological, or genotoxic based on their mechanisms. The incidence and severity of these toxicities generally increase with the drug's concentration in the body and exposure time.Pharmacological toxicity is evident when the therapeutic effects of drugs overshoot into adverse reactions in a predictable, dose-dependent manner. Central nervous system (CNS) depression from barbiturates is a classic example, with effects escalating from...
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity
07:42

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Published on: April 26, 2012

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity in the era of pharmacogenomics.

Guido Cavaletti1, Paola Alberti, Paola Marmiroli

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Technologies, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. guido.cavaletti@unimib.it

The Lancet. Oncology
|July 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Pharmacogenomic analysis can predict drug toxicity and identify individuals at risk for side effects. Further research is needed to improve clinical trial methods for reliable pharmacogenomic results in cancer patients.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity
07:42

Nerve Excitability Assessment in Chemotherapy-induced Neurotoxicity

Published on: April 26, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Pharmacology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Advanced genetic analysis methods enable pharmacogenomic and toxicogenomic studies.
  • Pharmacogenomics can predict individual drug responses and toxicities.
  • Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity is a severe side effect in cancer patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the utility of pharmacogenomics in predicting chemotherapy-induced peripheral neurotoxicity.
  • To highlight the need for improved clinical trial methodologies in pharmacogenomic research.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current pharmacogenomic and toxicogenomic methodologies.
  • Analysis of existing clinical trial data on pharmacogenomics and neurotoxicity.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacogenomic analysis shows potential for stratifying cancer patients based on neurotoxicity risk.
  • Inconsistent study data indicates methodological limitations in current clinical trials.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacogenomics offers promise for personalized cancer treatment by predicting severe side effects.
  • Methodological advancements in clinical trials are crucial for validating pharmacogenomic findings and ensuring patient safety.