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Related Concept Videos

Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Acute Respiratory Failure-II01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:
Acute Respiratory Failure-V01:29

Acute Respiratory Failure-V

The treatment for acute respiratory failure varies based on factors like the underlying cause, overall health, and severity. A collaborative healthcare team is essential for early detection, often through arterial blood gas analysis. Identifying the cause is the primary goal, with treatment strategies adjusted for ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch, shunting, or diffusion impairment.
Ensure that patients are monitored continuously for their response to therapy, including changes in...
Acute Respiratory Failure-III01:30

Acute Respiratory Failure-III

Hypercapnic respiratory failure, also known as Type 2 or ventilatory respiratory failure, is a severe condition characterized by the body's inability to effectively remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream. It leads to an arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) exceeding 45 mmHg and a blood pH above 7.35. This situation indicates that the body's ventilatory demand, or the ventilation needed to maintain normal PaCO2 levels, surpasses its supply or the maximum gas flow achievable without causing...
Acute Respiratory Failure-I01:21

Acute Respiratory Failure-I

Acute respiratory failure is a condition characterized by the inability of the lungs to perform their primary function: gas exchange. This failure leads to insufficient oxygen levels (hypoxemia) in the blood, elevated carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia), or both, causing critical impairment in organ function.
Definition: It is defined by specific criteria based on blood gas measurements. Hypoxemia happens when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) falls below 60 mmHg. At the same time,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
04:32

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: June 28, 2018

Ventilator-associated Acinetobacter baumannii pneumonia.

Kala Ebenezer1, Ebor Jacob G James, Joy Sarojini Michael

  • 1Pediatric ICU, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India. picu@cmcvellore.ac.in

Indian Pediatrics
|July 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

An outbreak of ventilator-associated pneumonia caused by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in infants was traced to contaminated humidifying chambers. Improved cleaning protocols successfully controlled the spread of this dangerous infection.

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Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice
07:55

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2011

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia
04:32

Murine Oropharyngeal Aspiration Model of Ventilator-associated and Hospital-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia

Published on: June 28, 2018

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice
07:55

Pressure Controlled Ventilation to Induce Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Published on: May 5, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology
  • Pediatric Critical Care

Background:

  • Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) poses a significant threat to infants in intensive care.
  • Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is a challenging pathogen, particularly in vulnerable populations.
  • Outbreaks of CRAB necessitate rapid identification of sources and effective control measures.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate an outbreak of VAP caused by CRAB in a pediatric intensive care unit.
  • To identify the source of CRAB transmission among infants.
  • To implement and assess control strategies to manage the outbreak.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective case review of infants diagnosed with VAP.
  • Microbiological analysis including non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (NBAL) for pathogen identification.
  • Environmental sampling and microbiological survey of the pediatric intensive care unit and wards.
  • Review of current cleaning and disinfection practices for respiratory equipment.

Main Results:

  • Six infants with acute lower respiratory tract infection developed VAP due to CRAB.
  • A. baumannii was isolated from NBAL samples of all affected infants.
  • Environmental surveys identified oxygen humidifying chambers as the likely source of CRAB contamination.
  • Implementation of revised cleaning and humidification protocols led to outbreak control.

Conclusions:

  • Oxygen humidifying chambers can serve as a reservoir for CRAB transmission in pediatric settings.
  • Strict adherence to updated cleaning and maintenance protocols for respiratory equipment is crucial for preventing CRAB outbreaks.
  • Prompt source identification and targeted interventions are effective in controlling CRAB VAP outbreaks in infants.