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Related Concept Videos

Seizures l: Introduction01:20

Seizures l: Introduction

Understanding seizures and epilepsy relies on key definitions that help in recognizing, classifying, and managing these disorders. These definitions provide a framework for recognizing, classifying, and managing seizure disorders.DefinitionsA seizure is a sudden, abnormal burst of electrical activity in the brain that can cause changes in awareness, movement, sensation, or behavior, depending on the area involved. Epilepsy is a chronic condition characterized by recurrent, unprovoked seizures,...
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
Seizures ll: Types01:19

Seizures ll: Types

Seizures are sudden bursts of abnormal electrical discharge in the brain that interfere with normal function. They are commonly divided into three groups: focal seizures, generalized seizures, and other types that do not fit neatly into either category.Focal SeizuresFocal seizures begin in a single brain region. When awareness is preserved, they are called focal aware seizures and may cause sensations such as tingling, unusual smells, or flashing lights. When awareness is impaired, they are...
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early years,...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

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Published on: June 25, 2016

Cefixime-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus.

F Anzellotti1, L Ricciardi, D Monaco

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Aging Research Centre, Ce.S.I., "G. d'Annunzio", University Foundation G. d'Annunzio University, Via dei Vestini 33, 66013 Chieti Scalo, Italy. f.anzellotti@libero.it

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|July 2, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Antibiotic-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) can occur in epilepsy patients. Prompt EEG diagnosis and cefixime discontinuation are crucial for managing this adverse drug reaction.

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Electromagnetic Source Imaging in Presurgical Evaluation of Children with Drug-Resistant Epilepsy
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is a prolonged epileptic condition (>30 min) with altered mental state and continuous EEG epileptiform activity.
  • NCSE is under-recognized, and delayed diagnosis/treatment can lead to adverse outcomes, including mortality and cognitive deficits.
  • Epileptic patients require careful antibiotic selection due to potential neurotoxicity.

Observation:

  • A female patient with a 10-year seizure-free history on carbamazepine and levetiracetam developed NCSE during cefixime treatment.
  • Cefixime, a third-generation cephalosporin (a beta-lactam antibiotic), was implicated in the onset of NCSE.
  • The patient experienced an altered mental state and continuous epileptiform activity on EEG.

Findings:

  • Cephalosporins may induce neurotoxicity, potentially triggering NCSE in susceptible individuals, including those with epilepsy.
  • Discontinuation of the offending antibiotic (cefixime) and prompt EEG are vital for NCSE diagnosis and management.
  • The case highlights the challenge of selecting safe antibiotics for epileptic patients.

Implications:

  • Clinicians must exercise caution when prescribing antibiotics, particularly beta-lactams, to patients with epilepsy.
  • Thorough patient and family questioning regarding new medications is essential for identifying potential drug-induced neurological events.
  • Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a critical diagnostic tool for timely NCSE identification and treatment, preventing long-term consequences.