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Related Concept Videos

Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking01:17

Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking

Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
Factors that increase the likelihood of sleepwalking include sleep deprivation and alcohol consumption. Contrary to common beliefs, it is safe...
Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors01:27

Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors

Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, particularly when lying down or sitting, and can severely disrupt sleep.
The exact cause of RLS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate muscle movement. Imbalances in dopamine levels...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice
08:45

Polygraphic Recording Procedure for Measuring Sleep in Mice

Published on: January 25, 2016

Sleeping sickness.

D Malvy1, F Chappuis

  • 1Travel Clinics and Division of Tropical Medicine and Imported Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine and Tropical Diseases, University Hospital Centre, Bordeaux, France. denis.malvy@chu-bordeaux.fr

Clinical Microbiology and Infection : the Official Publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases
|July 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is a deadly parasitic disease transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa. Current control relies on case detection and vector management, but new diagnostic and treatment methods are crucial for global elimination.

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Area of Science:

  • Neglected Tropical Diseases
  • Parasitology
  • Vector-borne Diseases

Background:

  • Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), or sleeping sickness, is a protozoan parasite infection transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Caused by Trypanosoma brucei, HAT presents in chronic (T. b. gambiense) and acute (T. b. rhodesiense) forms, impacting different regions.
  • The disease is challenging due to complex epidemiology, high fatality if untreated, and limited control tools.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current state of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT).
  • To highlight the challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and control of sleeping sickness.
  • To emphasize the need for novel strategies for HAT elimination.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on HAT epidemiology, clinical presentation, and control strategies.
  • Analysis of parasite biology, including host invasion and immune evasion mechanisms.
  • Assessment of current intervention limitations and future research needs.

Main Results:

  • HAT remains a significant public health issue in impoverished rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa.
  • Existing diagnostic and treatment options are limited by safety, cost, and cumbersome application.
  • Effective control relies on case-finding, treatment, vector control, and reservoir management.

Conclusions:

  • There is an urgent need for improved diagnostic tools, safer and more effective treatments, and innovative methods for tsetse fly transmission control.
  • Achieving global elimination of HAT requires advancements in all aspects of disease management.
  • Integrated strategies focusing on early detection, treatment, and transmission interruption are key to eradicating sleeping sickness.