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Related Concept Videos

Behavior Therapy01:22

Behavior Therapy

Behavior therapy incorporates diverse techniques rooted in classical conditioning principles to address maladaptive behaviors and anxiety disorders. These methods aim to reduce avoidance behaviors, foster adaptive coping mechanisms, and alter associations between stimuli and responses, making them effective in a wide range of therapeutic contexts.
Exposure therapy is a cornerstone of behavioral treatment for anxiety disorders. It involves systematic exposure to feared stimuli, either in real...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS01:17

Drugs for Treatment of Diarrhea-Predominant IBS

Diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) is a subtype of IBS characterized primarily by frequent, loose, or watery stools, abdominal pain, and abdominal discomfort. Therapeutic approaches to managing IBS-D include dietary changes, stress management techniques, and pharmaceutical interventions.
Two specific drugs used in the treatment are alosetron (Lotronex) and eluxadoline (Viberzi). Alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, works by slowing the movement of stools in the gut, reducing bowel...
The Micturition Reflex01:26

The Micturition Reflex

Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating urine...
Drug Therapy01:28

Drug Therapy

The advent of drug therapy has profoundly shaped modern mental health care, providing targeted treatments for a range of psychological disorders. Psychotherapeutic drugs, classified into antianxiety, antidepressant, and antipsychotic medications, address symptoms across anxiety disorders, mood disorders, and schizophrenia. While these medications have transformed patient outcomes, they require careful management due to their potential side effects and limitations.
Antianxiety Medications
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
03:26

Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection

Published on: August 28, 2020

[Therapy-refractory overactive bladder: alternative treatment approaches].

S Knüpfer1, M Hamann, C M Naumann

  • 1Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller-Straße 3, 24105 Kiel, Deutschland. Stephanie.knuepfer@uksh-kiel.de

Der Urologe. Ausg. A
|July 5, 2011
PubMed
Summary

For overactive bladder (OAB) refractory to conventional treatment, alternative therapies like electromotive drug administration (EMDA), botulinum toxin injections, and sacral neuromodulation offer significant improvements. These advanced treatments are effective and safe options when initial therapies fail.

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Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
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Detrusor Underactivity Model in Rats by Conus Medullaris Transection
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Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models
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Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

Published on: August 9, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Nephrology
  • Pelvic Health

Background:

  • Overactive bladder (OAB) affects a significant patient population.
  • Conventional treatments often fail, necessitating alternative therapeutic strategies.
  • Refractory OAB presents a growing clinical challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review alternative treatment options for OAB refractory to conventional therapies.
  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of advanced OAB treatments.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed using PubMed and major urological conference abstracts.
  • Keywords included "overactive bladder refractory to conventional treatment," "electromotive drug administration (EMDA)," "sacral neuromodulation," "augmentation cystoplasty," and "cystectomy."
  • Eighteen relevant articles published after 2001 were analyzed.

Main Results:

  • Approximately 30% of patients required alternative treatments due to first-line therapy failure.
  • Effective alternative options include EMDA, botulinum toxin injections, and sacral neuromodulation.
  • These interventions demonstrated significant improvements in micturition parameters, continence, and quality of life.

Conclusions:

  • Electromotive drug administration (EMDA), botulinum toxin injections, and sacral neuromodulation are highly effective and safe for refractory OAB.
  • Augmentation cystoplasty and cystectomy are reserved as last-resort treatments for intractable cases.
  • These advanced therapies offer viable solutions for patients with treatment-resistant overactive bladder.