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Ferromagnetism

Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

Magnetic Susceptibility and Permeability

In linear magnetic materials, like paramagnets and diamagnets, magnetization is proportional to the magnetic field intensity. The constant of proportionality, a dimensionless number, is called magnetic susceptibility. The value of the susceptibility depends on the type of material.
When diamagnetic materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Hence, the susceptibility for diamagnets has a minimal negative value of 10-5–10-6. Since...

Types Of Superconductors

Types Of Superconductors

A superconductor is a substance that offers zero resistance to the electric current when it drops below a critical temperature. Zero resistance is not the only interesting phenomenon as materials reach their transition temperatures. A second effect is the exclusion of magnetic fields. This is known as the Meissner effect. A light, permanent magnet placed over a superconducting sample will levitate in a stable position above the superconductor. High-speed trains that levitate on strong...

Diamagnetism

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.

Magnetism

Magnetism

Magnets are commonly found in everyday objects, such as toys, hangers, elevators, doorbells, and computer devices. Experimentation on these magnets shows that all magnets have two poles: one is labeled north (N) and the other south (S). Magnetic poles repel if they are alike and attract if unlike. Moreover, both poles of a magnet attract unmagnetized pieces of iron.
An individual magnetic pole cannot be isolated. No matter how small, every piece of a magnet contains a north pole and a south...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

Published on: August 15, 2018

Multi-ferroic and magnetoelectric materials and interfaces.

J P Velev¹, S S Jaswal, E Y Tsymbal

¹Department of Physics and Astronomy, Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0299, USA.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences

|July 6, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Multi-ferroic (MF) and magnetoelectric (ME) materials enable new electronic devices. Advances in fabrication enhance couplings between ferroic orders in engineered structures, overcoming previous limitations.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

Multiple ferroic orders and their couplings are known but historically weak in single-phase materials.
Fabrication advances enable lower-dimensional and compound structures, enhancing these couplings.
Miniaturization limits in electronics drive the need for multi-functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the field of multi-ferroic (MF) and magnetoelectric (ME) materials.
To highlight electronic effects at interfaces and in tunnel junctions.
To discuss the potential of MF and ME materials for future electronics.

Main Methods:

Review of recent advances in materials fabrication for MF and ME systems.
Analysis of coupling mechanisms in engineered heterostructures and low-dimensional materials.
Focus on electronic phenomena at magnetoelectric interfaces and multi-ferroic tunnel junctions.

Main Results:

Engineered materials in lower dimensions and heterostructures significantly enhance ferroic order coupling.
New degrees of freedom in designed materials allow for stronger MF and ME effects.
Electronic effects at interfaces are crucial for device applications.

Conclusions:

Multi-ferroic and magnetoelectric materials offer a pathway to overcome miniaturization limits in electronics.
Engineered interfaces and tunnel junctions are key platforms for exploiting MF and ME effects.
These materials promise new device functionalities for increased computing power and storage.