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Related Concept Videos

Carbocations02:10

Carbocations

Carbocations are one of the reaction intermediates formed during several nucleophilic substitutions or elimination reactions. A carbocation is an electron-deficient species with the central carbon atom having six electrons and three bonded atoms. The central carbon in a carbocation is sp2 hybridized with trigonal planar geometry. It has an empty p orbital perpendicular to the plane of the structure that can accept electrons. Thus, carbocations act as strong electrophiles and may react with any...
Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds: Nucleophilic Substitution01:17

Reactions of α-Halocarbonyl Compounds: Nucleophilic Substitution

Nucleophilic substitution in α-halocarbonyl compounds can be achieved via an SN2 pathway. The reaction in α-haloketones is generally carried out with less basic nucleophiles. The use of strong basic nucleophiles leads to the generation of α-haloenolate ions, which often participate in other side reactions.
β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations01:18

β-Dicarbonyl Compounds via Crossed Claisen Condensations

Crossed Claisen condensations are base-promoted reactions between two different ester molecules producing β-dicarbonyl compounds. The reaction involving esters, with both containing α hydrogen, results in a mixture of four different products that are difficult to isolate. This reduces the synthetic utility of the reaction.
Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:14

α-Halogenation of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Unlike aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids do not readily participate in α halogenation reactions via enols or enolate intermediates. However, α-halogenated acids are obtained through other methods. One of the approaches is the Hell–Volhard–Zelinsky (HVZ) reaction, wherein the carboxylic acid is treated with halogen in the presence of PBr3. It involves the conversion of acid to acid halide, which exists in equilibrium with its enol form. The enol attacks the electrophilic halogen to produce...
Physical Properties of Amines01:26

Physical Properties of Amines

Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus
14:07

Preparation and Use of Carbonyl-decorated Carbenes in the Activation of White Phosphorus

Published on: October 3, 2014

β-Carboline (norharman).

Robert J Thatcher1, Richard E Douthwaite

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, England. rjt509@york.ac.uk

Acta Crystallographica. Section C, Crystal Structure Communications
|July 6, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The crystal structure of β-carboline (norharman) was determined at low temperature. This molecule, found in the body and environment, forms a unique one-dimensional herringbone structure via hydrogen bonding.

Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Structural Chemistry
  • Medicinal Chemistry

Background:

  • β-carboline, also known as norharman (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole), is a biologically significant molecule found in the environment and human body.
  • Understanding its precise molecular structure is crucial for elucidating its biological roles and potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the detailed crystal structure of norharman at a low temperature (110 K).
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions and overall molecular conformation of norharman.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction at 110 K.
  • Analysis of molecular geometry, bond lengths, and intermolecular interactions.

Main Results:

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  • The crystal structure reveals a one-dimensional herringbone motif driven by intermolecular N-H···N hydrogen bonding.
  • Norharman exhibits a C-shaped molecular curvature of 3.19 (13)° along its long axis.
  • Observed pyridyl C-C bond lengths are shorter than those predicted by STO-3G theoretical calculations.

    • Conclusions:

    • The low-temperature crystal structure provides precise details of norharman's solid-state arrangement and hydrogen bonding network.
    • The observed molecular curvature and bond lengths offer insights into norharman's electronic structure and potential reactivity.
    • Discrepancies with theoretical calculations highlight the need for advanced computational methods for accurate structural prediction.