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Related Concept Videos

Self-Esteem01:28

Self-Esteem

Self-esteem, a core aspect of psychological well-being, reflects an individual's positive and negative self-evaluation in terms of worth, competence, and overall value. It is both a stable trait and a dynamic process, influenced by experiences and social interactions across the lifespan. While global self-esteem offers a general assessment, research highlights that self-esteem is multidimensional and varies across specific life domains.Domain-Specific Self-EsteemResearchers have delineated...
Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience01:18

Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience

Self-esteem, a crucial component of psychological development, is significantly shaped by familial experiences. The early parent-child relationship serves as a foundational influence on a child's self-concept, with long-lasting effects extending into adolescence and adulthood.Parental Behaviors and Early Self-Esteem FormationEmpirical studies have identified four principal parental behaviors that foster healthy self-esteem in children. These include expressions of acceptance, affection, and...
Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification03:00

Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification

Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
Erikson's Theory on Socioemotional Development during Adolescence01:17

Erikson's Theory on Socioemotional Development during Adolescence

Erik Erikson's fifth stage of psychosocial development, "identity versus role confusion," is crucial during adolescence (ages 12 to 18). In this stage, adolescents face the developmental task of forging a distinct personal identity, a process influenced by social, psychological, and biological changes typical of this period. Adolescents naturally explore different roles, behaviors, and ideologies as they navigate complex questions of self-concept, asking, "Who am I?" and "What is my place in...
Erikson's Theory on Socioemotional Development during Childhood01:28

Erikson's Theory on Socioemotional Development during Childhood

Erik Erikson, a stage theorist, adapted Freud's theory to emphasize social factors in personality development throughout life, a concept known as psychosocial development. Unlike Freud, who focused on early childhood, Erikson believed that personality evolves across eight life stages, each marked by a specific challenge or "crisis." Successful resolution of each stage fosters competence, while failure may lead to feelings of inadequacy.
The first four of Erikson's eight psychosocial stages...
Self-Concept01:19

Self-Concept

Self-concept is the cognitive and emotional understanding individuals hold about their identity. It evolves through various developmental stages, beginning in infancy and maturing as children grow. This concept influences how individuals perceive their abilities, interact with others, and manage challenges throughout life.
Infancy and Emerging Recognition
During infancy, self-concept is virtually nonexistent. Babies do not distinguish themselves as separate entities and often mistake their...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design
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Self-esteem development from age 14 to 30 years: a longitudinal study.

Ruth Yasemin Erol1, Ulrich Orth

  • 1Department of Psychology, Universityof Basel, Basel, Switzerland. ruthyasemin.erol@unibas.ch

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
|July 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Self-esteem generally increases throughout adolescence and young adulthood for both men and women. A growing sense of mastery significantly contributes to this positive self-esteem development over time.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Self-esteem is a crucial aspect of psychological well-being.
  • Understanding its developmental trajectory is vital for adolescent and young adult mental health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the developmental trends of self-esteem from adolescence to young adulthood.
  • To identify factors influencing self-esteem trajectories across different demographic groups and personality traits.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) Young Adults.
  • Analyzed 8 assessments over 14 years for 7,100 individuals (ages 14-30) using latent growth curve modeling.

Main Results:

  • Self-esteem consistently increases during adolescence and continues a slower increase into young adulthood.
  • No significant gender differences in self-esteem trajectories were observed.
  • Hispanic individuals showed lower initial self-esteem but experienced stronger increases, surpassing Whites by age 30.
  • Personality traits (emotional stability, extraversion, conscientiousness), sense of mastery, low risk-taking, and better health positively predicted self-esteem.
  • Increased sense of mastery explained a substantial portion of self-esteem growth.

Conclusions:

  • Self-esteem development is a normative process throughout adolescence and young adulthood.
  • Sense of mastery is a key mediator in the development of self-esteem.
  • Individual differences in personality and health behaviors are associated with varying self-esteem levels.