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Related Concept Videos

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
19:57

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Published on: August 5, 2017

Both trace and delay conditioned eyeblink responding can be dissociated from outcome expectancy.

Gabrielle Weidemann1, Joshua Broderick, Peter F Lovibond

  • 1School of Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Bankstown Campus, Locked Bag 1797, South Penrith DC, New South Wales 1797, Australia. G.Weidemann@uws.edu.au

Journal of Experimental Psychology. Animal Behavior Processes
|July 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Trace and delay eyeblink conditioning dissociate from conscious expectancy, challenging theories of separate learning systems. This finding suggests conscious expectancy is not essential for trace conditioning.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Psychology
  • Learning and Memory

Background:

  • Squire's theory posits trace conditioning requires conscious declarative memory, unlike delay conditioning.
  • Declarative memory in trace conditioning is linked to conscious expectancy of the unconditioned stimulus (US).
  • Previous research (Perruchet, 1985) showed dissociation between delay conditioning and US expectancy using partial reinforcement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if the Perruchet effect (dissociation of conditioning and expectancy) occurs in trace eyeblink conditioning.
  • To compare the Perruchet effect across different trace intervals and equivalent delay interstimulus intervals (ISIs).
  • To test Squire's hypothesis that trace conditioning relies on a distinct nondeclarative learning system.

Main Methods:

  • Examined the Perruchet effect in trace eyeblink conditioning with short (600 ms), moderate (1000 ms), and long (1400 ms) trace intervals.
  • Compared findings with equivalent interstimulus intervals (ISIs) in a delay conditioning procedure.
  • Analyzed conditioned responding (CRs) and US expectancy over runs of reinforced and nonreinforced trials.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for a dissociation between eyeblink conditioned responses (CRs) and US expectancy was found across runs.
  • This dissociation occurred regardless of whether the conditioning procedure was delay or trace.
  • The Perruchet effect was observed for all tested trace intervals.

Conclusions:

  • The Perruchet effect does not depend on a separate nondeclarative learning system as proposed by Squire et al.
  • The findings challenge the necessity of conscious expectancy for trace eyeblink conditioning.
  • The underlying mechanisms of the Perruchet effect remain to be fully elucidated but do not necessitate distinct learning systems.