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Related Concept Videos

Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
Hindbrain
The hindbrain, located at the base of the brain, plays a vital role in regulating automatic processes that sustain life. It includes the medulla oblongata, which is essential for...
Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I01:26

Cerebrum: Anatomical Overview I

The main and largest component of the human brain is the cerebrum. The cerebrum consists of two main parts: the cerebral cortex, an outer layer with wrinkles or folds known as gyri and shallow grooves called sulci, and a deeper region beneath it. The cerebrum divides into two distinct hemispheres and contains five different lobes: the frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula. The central sulcus separates the frontal and parietal lobes and two functionally important gyri — the...
Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
Lobes of the Cerebrum01:22

Lobes of the Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex, a critical structure of the brain, is intricately divided into two hemispheres, each consisting of four distinct lobes: occipital, temporal, frontal, and parietal. These lobes function cooperatively to regulate various cognitive and sensory functions, forming the basis of our complex neural capabilities.
Frontal lobe
The frontal lobes, located behind the forehead, are the command center of our brain, controlling personality, intelligence, and voluntary muscle movements.
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:23

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function
07:13

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function

Published on: November 29, 2024

Development and evolution of the human neocortex.

Jan H Lui1, David V Hansen, Arnold R Kriegstein

  • 1Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, 35 Medical Center Way, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Cell
|July 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Brain size and gyrated neocortex development are key to intelligence. The outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) drives neocortex expansion by increasing neuron numbers and guiding migration, offering evolutionary insights.

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Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)
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Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)

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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Electroporation of Sliced Human Cortical Organoids for Studies of Gene Function
07:13

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Published on: November 29, 2024

Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)
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Lineage Tracing and Clonal Analysis in Developing Cerebral Cortex Using Mosaic Analysis with Double Markers (MADM)

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Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development
13:47

Ex utero Electroporation and Whole Hemisphere Explants: A Simple Experimental Method for Studies of Early Cortical Development

Published on: April 3, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Mammalian brain size and surface area correlate with intellectual ability.
  • Neocortical gyrification, a hallmark of higher cognitive function, is crucial for expanding brain capacity.
  • The outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) is a key proliferative niche in the developing mammalian neocortex.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of the outer subventricular zone (OSVZ) in neocortical development.
  • To understand how OSVZ cell proliferation contributes to neocortex expansion and neuron number.
  • To investigate the evolutionary origins of OSVZ-mediated neocortical development.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent studies on neocortical development and cell lineages.
  • Analysis of cellular proliferation within the OSVZ.
  • Comparative analysis across mammalian species and molecular regulators in mice.

Main Results:

  • The OSVZ harbors a lineage of neural stem and transit-amplifying cells crucial for neocortex expansion.
  • Proliferation in the OSVZ increases neuron number and influences the migration paths of developing neurons.
  • Specific molecular regulators in the mouse neocortex provide insights into conserved developmental mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The OSVZ plays a critical role in generating the expanded neuron population required for a large, gyrated neocortex.
  • Understanding OSVZ function sheds light on the evolutionary trajectory of complex mammalian brains.
  • The study highlights the interplay between cellular proliferation, neuronal migration, and neocortical evolution.