Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal Meningitis

Cryptococcal meningitis is a life-threatening opportunistic infection predominantly associated with HIV/AIDS, accounting for over 100,000 deaths annually worldwide. However, it also affects individuals with other forms of immunosuppression, including those undergoing immunosuppressive therapy, organ transplant recipients, patients with innate immunodeficiencies, and individuals with hematological disorders. The infection is caused mainly by Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii,...

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Evaluation of Serum Immune-Inflammation Index and Serum Inflammatory Response Index in Optic Neuritis.

Neuro-ophthalmology (Aeolus Press)·2026

Same author

Motor and sensory outcomes after botulinum toxin A injection versus unilateral medial rectus recession in small-to-moderate angle esotropia.

Strabismus·2026

Same author

Chronic pain, spasticity, and maternal burnout in children with spastic cerebral palsy.

Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira (1992)·2026

Same author

Evaluation of the Effects of Steroid Therapy on Visual Acuity, Visual Field, and Optical Coherence Tomography-Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography Parameters in Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

Journal of neuro-ophthalmology : the official journal of the North American Neuro-Ophthalmology Society·2026

Same author

Aqueous Humor Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and TGF-β1 Levels in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy: A Prospective Clinical Study.

Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026

Same author

Evaluation of Rare Hand Injection Injuries With Three Different Substances.

Case reports in surgery·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

JC virus-induced Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy.

A Sami Saribas¹, Ahmet Ozdemir, Cathy Lam

¹Department of Neuroscience and Center for Neurovirology, Temple University School of Medicine, Education & Research Building (MERB-757), 3500 North Broad Street-7th floor, Philadelphia, PA 19140-5104.

Future Virology

|July 7, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML), a fatal CNS disease caused by JC virus (JCV), is increasing in autoimmune patients on antibody therapies. This highlights the link between immunosuppression and PML development, prompting further JCV research.

More Related Videos

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

Published on: June 13, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

In Vivo Imaging Systems (IVIS) Detection of a Neuro-Invasive Encephalitic Virus

Published on: December 2, 2012

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

Published on: July 24, 2016

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

Isolation of Brain-infiltrating Leukocytes

Published on: June 13, 2011

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Virology
Immunology

Background:

Progressive multifocal encephalopathy (PML) is a fatal demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disease.
PML results from JC virus (JCV) infection of oligodendrocytes.
It typically affects immunocompromised individuals, including those with cancers, undergoing chemotherapy, or with AIDS.

Purpose of the Study:

To examine the increasing incidence of PML in patients with autoimmune diseases.
To investigate the role of antibody-based therapies in PML development.
To re-evaluate the link between immunosuppressive conditions and JCV pathogenesis.

Main Methods:

Review of recent epidemiological data on PML incidence.
Analysis of patient populations undergoing specific immunosuppressive treatments.
Correlation of PML occurrence with underlying autoimmune conditions and therapeutic regimens.

Main Results:

PML incidence is rising in patients with multiple sclerosis and Crohn's disease.
These patients are often treated with antibody-based therapies like natalizumab, efalizumab, and rituximab.
The data reinforce the association between immunosuppression and PML development.

Conclusions:

The increasing occurrence of PML in autoimmune patients treated with antibody therapies underscores the critical role of immunosuppression.
These findings necessitate further investigation into the unique biology of JCV and its interaction with the immune system.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for managing PML risk in vulnerable patient populations.