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Related Concept Videos

Nursing Code of Ethics01:29

Nursing Code of Ethics

The Nursing Code of Ethics sets the ethical benchmark for the profession, and guides nurses in ethical analysis and decision making at the societal, organizational, and clinical levels. The code encompasses showing compassion and respect for the patient, their families, and communities in all circumstances while committing to providing patient-centered care. In addition, the code states that nurses must advocate for the patient by defending a cause or recommendation to protect their rights,...
Ethical Standards I01:25

Ethical Standards I

The American Nurses Association (ANA) created and implemented the first nationally accepted Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretive Statements. The Code of Ethics is a living document regularly updated by the ANA and establishes an ethical standard that is non-negotiable for nurses in all roles and settings.
The Code of Ethics provisions outline the nurse's duty to the patient, the healthcare team, the profession, and society. The Code's fundamental principles include advocacy,...
Ethics in Research01:56

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.
Ethical Standards II01:23

Ethical Standards II

Ethical standards are the backbone of nursing practice, guiding nurses as they interact with patients, families, and colleagues. These standards are crucial for providing safe, empathetic care centered on the patient's needs.
Nurses are entrusted with upholding various ethical principles and standards. Nurses forge solid therapeutic relationships using trust, empathy, autonomy, confidentiality, and professional competence.
Confidentiality is crucial, embodying respect for individual privacy and...
Nursing Ethical Principles II01:27

Nursing Ethical Principles II

Ethical principles are essential in guiding nurses to fulfill their responsibilities, focusing on the quality of nursing care and decision-making. These principles, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and fidelity, shape the ethical framework within healthcare settings.
Consider the following scenario, which illustrates how these principles are applied in the care of Mr. John, a fifty-year-old teacher diagnosed with metastatic liver cancer.
Initially, Mr. John's cancer...
Nursing Ethical Principles I01:22

Nursing Ethical Principles I

Ethical principles serve as the moral compass in the longstanding tradition of nursing, guiding healthcare professionals in their interactions with patients and families. These principles, namely autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and fidelity, provide a robust framework for navigating the ethical complexities of daily nursing practice.
Autonomy
Autonomy underscores the significance of a patient's self-determination and freedom from external control. In healthcare, respecting the...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
07:48

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Published on: November 26, 2015

The Nuremberg Code-A critique.

Ravindra B Ghooi1

  • 1Bilcare Research Academy, Sai Capital, Senapati Bapat Marg, Pune, Maharashtra, India.

Perspectives in Clinical Research
|July 7, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Nuremberg Code, a landmark in research ethics, was heavily based on 1931 German guidelines. This uncredited use, akin to plagiarism, highlights ethical concerns in historical medical research documentation.

Keywords:
EthicsNurembergguidelineshuman subjectsresearch

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research
07:48

Working with Human Tissues for Translational Cancer Research

Published on: November 26, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Medical Ethics
  • History of Science
  • Research Integrity

Background:

  • The Nuremberg Code (1947) is a foundational document in human research ethics.
  • It emerged from the Doctors' Trial following World War II.
  • Its origins and influences have been subject to scrutiny.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically examine the origins and influences of the Nuremberg Code.
  • To compare the Nuremberg Code with earlier ethical guidelines for human experimentation.
  • To assess the ethical implications of uncredited source material in foundational ethical documents.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of the Nuremberg Code (1947) and the German Guidelines for Human Experimentation (1931).
  • Review of historical trial records and evidence regarding defendants' requests.
  • Examination of the textual similarities and principle derivations between the two documents.

Main Results:

  • Significant and "uncanny" resemblance found between the Nuremberg Code and the 1931 Guidelines.
  • Six of the ten Nuremberg Code principles are derived from the 1931 Guidelines.
  • Evidence suggests the 1931 Guidelines were available and potentially requested for use during the trial, but were not cited.

Conclusions:

  • The Nuremberg Code's authors likely based it on the 1931 Guidelines without proper attribution, constituting plagiarism by modern ethical standards.
  • The lack of citation for the foundational 1931 Guidelines raises ethical questions about the Code's integrity.
  • Unlike continuously updated codes like the Declaration of Helsinki, the Nuremberg Code is not regularly reviewed, potentially limiting its relevance.