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Related Concept Videos

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO201:20

2° Amines to N-Nitrosamines: Reaction with NaNO2

Secondary amines react with nitrous acid to form N-nitrosamines, as depicted in Figure 1. Nitrous acid, a weak and unstable acid, is formed in situ from an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite and strong acids, such as hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, in cold conditions. In the presence of an acid, the nitrous acid gets protonated. The subsequent loss of water results in the formation of the electrophile known as nitrosonium ion.
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles01:11

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Amides and Nitriles

Naming Amides
The IUPAC and common names of amides are derived from the parent carboxylic acid, by replacing the suffix “oic acid” and “ic acid,” respectively, with “amide.” In the following example, the IUPAC name ethanamide is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetamide, is obtained from acetic acid.
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)01:30

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution: Addition–Elimination (SNAr)

Nucleophilic substitution in aromatic compounds is feasible in substrates bearing strong electron-withdrawing substituents positioned ortho or para to the leaving group. The reaction proceeds via two steps: the addition of the nucleophile and the elimination of the leaving group.
The reaction begins with an attack of the nucleophile on the carbon that holds the leaving group. This results in the delocalization of the π electrons over the ring carbons. The resonance interaction between the...
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo, or cyano...
Norton's Theorem01:14

Norton's Theorem

Norton's theorem is a fundamental principle stating that a linear two-terminal circuit can be substituted with an equivalent circuit, which comprises a current source (ⅠN) in parallel with a resistor (RN). Here, ⅠN represents the short-circuit current flowing through the terminals, and RN stands for the input or equivalent resistance at the terminals when all independent sources are deactivated. This implies that the circuit illustrated in Figure (a) can be exchanged with the one depicted in...
Norton Equivalent Circuits01:16

Norton Equivalent Circuits

Norton's theorem is a fundamental concept in the field of electrical engineering that allows for the simplification of complex AC circuits. The theorem states that any two-terminal linear network can be replaced with an equivalent circuit that consists of an impedance, which is parallel with a constant current source. Figure 1 shows the AC circuit portioned into two parts: Circuit A and Circuit B, while Figure 2 depicts the circuit obtained by replacing Circuit A by its Norton equivalent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

ReAsH/FlAsH Labeling and Image Analysis of Tetracysteine Sensor Proteins in Cells
12:19

ReAsH/FlAsH Labeling and Image Analysis of Tetracysteine Sensor Proteins in Cells

Published on: August 31, 2011

ASH and NASH.

F Scaglioni1, S Ciccia, M Marino

  • 1Liver Center, Gastroenterologia, Distretto di Carpi, Azienda USL di Modena, Carpi, Italy.

Digestive Diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) share similar liver disease mechanisms but differ in causes. Lifestyle changes are key for NASH, while alcohol cessation is crucial for ASH.

Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) are advanced liver conditions with similar pathology but distinct origins.
  • NASH develops from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with minimal alcohol intake (≤20-30 g/day), while ASH stems from alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) with higher consumption (>20-30 g/day).
  • NAFLD/NASH often co-occurs with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hypertension, affecting 25-30% of Western populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To differentiate the etiology, epidemiology, and treatment strategies for NASH and ASH.
  • To highlight the clinical manifestations and progression risks associated with NAFLD and AFLD.
  • To emphasize the importance of lifestyle interventions and alcohol cessation in managing these liver diseases.

More Related Videos

Incorporation of a Survivable Liver Biopsy Procedure in Mice to Assess Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Resolution
04:14

Incorporation of a Survivable Liver Biopsy Procedure in Mice to Assess Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Resolution

Published on: April 16, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

ReAsH/FlAsH Labeling and Image Analysis of Tetracysteine Sensor Proteins in Cells
12:19

ReAsH/FlAsH Labeling and Image Analysis of Tetracysteine Sensor Proteins in Cells

Published on: August 31, 2011

Incorporation of a Survivable Liver Biopsy Procedure in Mice to Assess Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Resolution
04:14

Incorporation of a Survivable Liver Biopsy Procedure in Mice to Assess Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Resolution

Published on: April 16, 2019

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of pathogenesis and histopathology between NASH and ASH.
  • Review of epidemiological data and risk factors for NAFLD and AFLD.
  • Examination of clinical outcomes and treatment guidelines for both conditions.

Main Results:

  • NASH and ASH exhibit similar liver damage but arise from different causes (metabolic vs. alcohol).
  • NAFLD prevalence is high, while NASH/ASH incidence remains uncertain due to diagnostic limitations.
  • Alcoholic fatty liver disease affects up to 90% of alcoholics, with significant cirrhosis risk (5-40%) for continued drinkers.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of AFLD/ASH necessitates complete alcohol cessation.
  • Non-pharmacological lifestyle interventions, including diet, exercise, and weight loss, are the primary treatment for NAFLD/NASH.
  • Both NASH and ASH can lead to reduced life expectancy, underscoring the need for timely and appropriate interventions.