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Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Goiter

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Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

A previously unreported malignancy of the thyroid.

Bulent Cetin¹, Suleyman Buyukberber, Senem Senturk

¹Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Gazi University Medical School, Besevler, Ankara 06500, Turkey. caretta06@hotmail.com

Medical Oncology (Northwood, London, England)

|July 8, 2011

Summary

Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma, an extremely rare odontogenic neoplasm, was found in a patient's thyroid gland. This case is the first documented instance of this rare tumor originating in the thyroid.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Pathology
Endocrinology

Background:

Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma is an exceptionally rare odontogenic neoplasm.
Odontogenic tumors typically originate in the jawbones.

Observation:

A case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma was identified in the thyroid gland of a 44-year-old woman.
The tumor exhibited characteristics of both odontogenic epithelium (ameloblastoma-like) and fibrosarcoma.

Findings:

Histopathologic, immunohistologic, and genotypic examinations confirmed the diagnosis of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma.
This represents the first reported case of ameloblastic fibrosarcoma arising from the thyroid gland.

Implications:

This finding suggests that the thyroid gland can be a rare site for ameloblastic fibrosarcoma.
Further research may be needed to understand the pathogenesis and behavior of thyroid-originated ameloblastic fibrosarcoma.