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Related Concept Videos

Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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A number of natural and synthetic materials exhibit selective permeation, meaning that only molecules or ions of a certain size, shape, polarity, charge, and so forth, are capable of passing through (permeating) the material. Biological cell membranes provide elegant examples of selective permeation in nature, while dialysis tubing used to remove metabolic wastes from blood is a more simplistic technological example. Regardless of how they may be fabricated, these materials are generally...
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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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The interionic forces of the strong electrolytes depend on the solvent's dielectric constant, which is the ability of a solvent to store electrical energy, based on its polarizability. and the solution's concentration. In high-dielectric solvents and in dilute solutions, weak electrostatic forces keep ions apart. However, in low-dielectric solvents or concentrated solutions, stronger interionic forces may cause ions to pair up as ionic doublets despite being fully ionized. The theory of strong...
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The Electrical Double Layer01:30

The Electrical Double Layer

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In the region where two bulk phases meet, an intricate electric charge distribution arises due to charge transfer, ion adsorption, molecular orientation, and charge distortion. This complex distribution is commonly referred to as the electrical double layer.When a solid electrode interfaces with ions in an electrolyte solution, the speed of electron transfer dictates the rates of oxidation and reduction. The electrode acquires a charge through the escape of atoms into the solution as cations or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 2, 2026

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone
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Doubled power density from salinity gradients at reduced intermembrane distance.

David A Vermaas1, Michel Saakes, Kitty Nijmeijer

  • 1Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.

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Reverse electrodialysis (RED) harnesses the energy from mixing salt and fresh water. Smaller intermembrane distances in RED devices significantly boost power density and energy efficiency, offering a promising renewable energy source.

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Area of Science:

  • Renewable Energy
  • Electrochemistry
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Mixing of sea and river water releases Gibbs free energy, a potential renewable energy source.
  • Reverse electrodialysis (RED) is a technology that captures this energy via ion exchange across membranes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of intermembrane distance and feedwater flow rate on RED power density.
  • To explore methods for doubling the power density output of RED systems.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of intermembrane distances (60, 100, 200, 485 μm) using spacers.
  • Measurement of generated gross power densities and energy efficiency at different configurations.

Main Results:

  • Smaller intermembrane distances resulted in higher power densities.
  • A maximum power density of 2.2 W/m² was achieved, nearly doubling previous records.
  • Energy efficiency was significantly improved with reduced intermembrane distances.

Conclusions:

  • Optimizing intermembrane distance is crucial for enhancing RED performance.
  • Future work should focus on spacerless designs to reduce pressure drop and further increase power output beyond 4 W/m².