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Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

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Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic Inflammation: Introduction

Chronic inflammation is a prolonged, dysregulated immune response that persists for weeks to years when the inciting stimulus is difficult to eradicate or when self‑antigens drive ongoing reactivity. Morphologically, it is defined by mononuclear cell infiltration, progressive tissue destruction, and concurrent attempts at healing via angiogenesis and fibrosis. Compared with acute inflammation, edema is less prominent while cellular infiltration predominates; triggers include persistent...

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic Pharyngitis

Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Measurement of Tactile Allodynia in a Murine Model of Bacterial Prostatitis

Measurement of Tactile Allodynia in a Murine Model of Bacterial Prostatitis

Published on: January 16, 2013

Chronic prostatitis.

Brian Le¹, Anthony J Schaeffer

¹Department of Urology, Northwestern University Medical Centre, Chicago, USA.

BMJ Clinical Evidence

|July 9, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This systematic review evaluates treatments for chronic prostatitis, including bacterial and abacterial forms (chronic pelvic pain syndrome). It assesses the effectiveness and safety of various interventions for these conditions.

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Area of Science:

Urology
Evidence-Based Medicine

Background:

Chronic prostatitis presents with pain and urinary symptoms, often without bacterial infection (chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome).
The etiology and natural progression of chronic pelvic pain syndrome remain unclear.
Bacterial prostatitis can arise secondary to urinary tract instrumentation.

Purpose of the Study:

To systematically review the effects of treatments for chronic bacterial prostatitis.
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of interventions for chronic abacterial prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome.

Main Methods:

Conducted a systematic literature review up to August 2010.
Searched major databases including Medline, Embase, and The Cochrane Library.
Included data from systematic reviews, RCTs, observational studies, and harms alerts from regulatory agencies.

Main Results:

Identified 33 relevant studies meeting inclusion criteria.
Performed GRADE evaluations to assess the quality of evidence for interventions.
Compiled data on a wide range of therapeutic options.

Conclusions:

Summarizes evidence on the effectiveness and safety of numerous treatments.
Interventions reviewed include 5 alpha-reductase inhibitors, alpha-blockers, NSAIDs, and prostatic massage.
Other evaluated treatments include quercetin, sitz baths, and transurethral therapies.