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Related Concept Videos

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds01:14

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Aromatic and Antiaromatic Compounds

In aromatic compounds, such as benzene, the circulation of (4n + 2) π-electrons sets up a diamagnetic or diatropic ring current around the perimeter of the molecule. This current induces a magnetic field that opposes the external field inside the ring and reinforces it on the outside. The protons in benzene are deshielded and exhibit high chemical shifts in the range 6.5–8.5 ppm. The shielding effect at the center of the ring is evident in complex aromatic molecules, such as annulenes. In...
Paramagnetism01:30

Paramagnetism

Paramagnets are materials with unpaired electrons that possess a finite magnetic moment. In the absence of a magnetic field, these moments are randomly oriented, and thus the net moment is zero. Under an external field, a torque acting on the moments tends to align them along the field's direction. However, the random thermal motion of electrons produces a torque opposite to the external field and tries to disorient the moments. These two competing effects align only a few moments along the...
Diamagnetism01:26

Diamagnetism

Materials consisting of paired electrons have zero net magnetic moments. However, when these materials are placed under an external magnetic field, the moments opposite to the field are induced. Such materials are called diamagnets. Diamagnetism is the response of the diamagnets when placed in an external magnetic field.
Diamagnetism was discovered by Anton Brugmans in 1778 when he observed that bismuth gets repelled by magnetic fields, thus theorizing that diamagnets get repelled by magnets.
Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines01:25

Basicity of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines

Heterocyclic amines, where the N atom is a part of an alicyclic system, are similar in basicity to alkylamines. Interestingly, the heterocyclic amine having a nitrogen atom as part of an aromatic ring has much less basicity than its corresponding alicyclic counterpart. For this reason, as presented in Figure 1, piperidine (pKb = 2.8) is significantly more basic than pyridine (pKb = 8.8).
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...
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Ferromagnetism

Materials like iron, nickel, and cobalt consist of magnetic domains, within which the magnetic dipoles are arranged parallel to each other. The magnetic dipoles are rigidly aligned in the same direction within a domain by quantum mechanical coupling among the atoms. This coupling is so strong that even thermal agitation at room temperature cannot break it. The result is that each domain has a net dipole moment. However, some materials have weaker coupling, and are ferromagnetic at lower...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks
06:53

Magnetometric Characterization of Intermediates in the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Redox-Active Metal-Organic Frameworks

Published on: June 9, 2023

Interatomic magnetizability: a QTAIM-based approach toward deciphering magnetic aromaticity.

Cina Foroutan-Nejad1

  • 1School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. cina-foroutan@khayam.ut.ac.ir

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. A
|July 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Interatomic magnetizability quantifies electronic currents between atoms. This new bond magnetizability index accurately assesses molecular aromaticity and distinguishes varying degrees of aromaticity and antiaromaticity.

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Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
07:33

Quantifying Mixing using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: January 25, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Quantum Chemistry
  • Theoretical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics

Background:

  • Aromaticity is a fundamental concept in chemistry, crucial for understanding molecular stability and reactivity.
  • Existing methods for assessing aromaticity can be complex or provide ambiguous results.
  • Magnetizability, a response property, has not been extensively utilized to evaluate aromaticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate interatomic magnetizability (bond magnetizability) as a novel index for evaluating aromaticity.
  • To demonstrate the capability of bond magnetizability in classifying molecules as aromatic, nonaromatic, or antiaromatic.
  • To establish bond magnetizability as a tool for ranking the degree of aromaticity/antiaromaticity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM) framework.
  • Calculating interatomic magnetizability for a diverse set of aromatic, nonaromatic, and antiaromatic molecules.
  • Analyzing the relationship between bond magnetizability and established aromaticity descriptors.

Main Results:

  • Interatomic magnetizability successfully distinguishes between aromatic, nonaromatic, and antiaromatic systems.
  • The calculated bond magnetizability values correlate well with the known aromaticity order of various molecules.
  • This method provides a direct measure of electron current flux, reflecting magnetic response.

Conclusions:

  • Interatomic magnetizability is a robust and interpretable index for assessing molecular aromaticity.
  • It offers a unique perspective by evaluating aromaticity through a magnetic response property.
  • Bond magnetizability can differentiate π- and σ-orbital contributions to magnetic aromaticity.