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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
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Related Experiment Video

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A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing
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A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing

Published on: February 7, 2025

Representation of multiplication facts--evidence for partial verbal coding.

Korbinian Moeller1, Elise Klein, Martin H Fischer

  • 1Knowledge Media Research Center, WM-KMRC, Tuebingen, Germany.

Behavioral and Brain Functions : BBF
|July 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Concurrent articulation slows access to multiplication facts, suggesting they are stored in a verbal code. This research clarifies the role of phonological processing in numerical cognition.

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Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)
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Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

A Tablet-Based Curriculum-Based Measurement Protocol for Kindergarten Writing
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Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)
10:58

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Numerical Cognition

Background:

  • Current research suggests multiplication facts are stored and retrieved using phonological codes.
  • Previous studies showed phonological, but not visuo-spatial, tasks impair multiplication, but active production tasks left retrieval vs. access unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of concurrent articulation on multiplication fact knowledge without active production.
  • To differentiate between impaired access and retrieval of multiplication facts.

Main Methods:

  • Participants completed a number bisection task involving number triplets from multiplication tables.
  • Concurrent articulation was employed to assess its effect on processing these triplets.

Main Results:

  • Multiplicative triplets were identified faster than non-multiplicative triplets in the bisection task.
  • Concurrent articulation slowed the processing of multiplicative triplets, diminishing the multiplicativity effect.

Conclusions:

  • Concurrent articulation influences access to phonologically stored multiplication facts.
  • Findings support the representation of multiplication facts in a partially verbal code.