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Updated: May 31, 2026

Complete Spinal Cord Injury and Brain Dissection Protocol for Subsequent Wholemount In Situ Hybridization in Larval Sea Lamprey
Published on: October 14, 2014
Basal ganglia: insights into origins from lamprey brains
1Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences & Department Biology II, Grosshadernerstr. 2, D-82152 Planegg, Germany. wullimann@bio.lmu.de
Abstract:
The lamprey brain has now been shown to have basal ganglia circuitry, with an output that acts tonically on midbrain and brainstem motor centers and is modulated by ascending dopaminergic input. This condition was believed to represent the tetrapod condition, but now appears to be far more ancient.
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