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Related Concept Videos

The Vestibular System01:29

The Vestibular System

The vestibular system is a set of inner ear structures that provide a sense of balance and spatial orientation. This system is comprised of structures within the labyrinth of the inner ear, including the cochlea and two otolith organs—the utricle and saccule. The labyrinth also contains three semicircular canals—superior, posterior, and horizontal—that are oriented on different planes.
Equilibrium and Balance01:15

Equilibrium and Balance

The inner ear assumes dual functionalities of auditory perception and equilibrium maintenance. The vestibule is the organ responsible for balance. This organ contains mechanoreceptors, specifically hair cells, endowed with stereocilia, which aid in deciphering information regarding the position and motion of our heads. Two intrinsic components, the utricle and saccule, help perceive head position, while the semicircular canals track head movement. Neurological messages initiated in the...
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
Indirect Motor Pathways01:22

Indirect Motor Pathways

The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
The vestibulospinal tract originates in the vestibular nuclei of the brainstem. The vestibular system detects changes in...
Major Somatic Sensory Pathways01:28

Major Somatic Sensory Pathways

Sensory impulses related to touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception from various body parts, such as the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head, travel to the cerebral cortex through the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway. The pathway’s name derives from the two white-matter tracts that convey the impulses: the spinal cord's posterior column and the brainstem's medial lemniscus. First-order sensory neurons extend their axons into the spinal cord, forming the posterior columns...
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
07:24

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Vestibular inputs to human motion-sensitive visual cortex.

Andrew T Smith1, Matthew B Wall, Kai V Thilo

  • 1Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK. a.t.smith@rhul.ac.uk

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)
|July 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human MST (hMST) processes self-motion cues. Researchers used galvanic vestibular stimulation and fMRI to find vestibular input in hMST, suggesting cross-modal convergence for self-motion perception.

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Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
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Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform
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Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane
07:24

Using Eye-tracking to Assess the Relative Importance of Visual and Vestibular Input to Subcortical Motion Processing in the Roll Plane

Published on: August 22, 2025

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform
10:12

Three Dimensional Vestibular Ocular Reflex Testing Using a Six Degrees of Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: May 23, 2013

Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform
06:31

Estimating Vestibular Perceptual Thresholds Using a Six-Degree-Of-Freedom Motion Platform

Published on: August 4, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Human sensory processing

Background:

  • The macaque medial superior temporal area (MSTd) integrates visual and vestibular self-motion cues.
  • It remains unknown if the human homologue (hMST) also receives vestibular input.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate vestibular influence on human medial superior temporal area (hMST) using functional MRI (fMRI).
  • To determine if vestibular afferents contribute to self-motion processing in hMST.

Main Methods:

  • Combined galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) with fMRI in human participants.
  • Assessed brain activity in response to vestibular stimulation in darkness.

Main Results:

  • hMST showed significant activation during vestibular stimulation, unlike adjacent visual area MT.
  • Vestibular activity was localized to the anterior part of hMST, suggesting subregions.
  • Vestibular signals were also detected in the cingulate sulcus visual area (CSv).

Conclusions:

  • Human MST (hMST) receives vestibular input, supporting cross-modal integration of self-motion cues.
  • This integration occurs in both hMST and CSv, contributing to spatial orientation.