Related Experiment Video
Updated: May 31, 2026
Intravenous Endotoxin Challenge in Healthy Humans: An Experimental Platform to Investigate and Modulate Systemic Inflammation
Published on: May 16, 2016
Clinical and immunomodulating effects of ketamine in horses with experimental endotoxemia
C J Alcott1, B A Sponseller, D M Wong
1Lloyd Veterinary Medical Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011-1250, USA. cjalcott@iastate.edu
Background:
Ketamine has immunomodulating effects both in vitro and in vivo during experimental endotoxemia in humans, rodents, and dogs.
Hypothesis:
Subanesthetic doses of ketamine will attenuate the clinical and immunologic responses to experimental endotoxemia in horses.
Animals:
Nineteen healthy mares of various breeds.
Methods:
Experimental study. Horses were randomized into 2 groups: ketamine-treated horses (KET; n = 9) and saline-treated horses (SAL; n = 10). Both groups received 30 ng/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, Escherichia coli, O55:B5) 1 hour after the start of a continuous rate infusion (CRI) of racemic ketamine (KET) or physiologic saline (SAL). Clinical and hematological responses were documented and plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) were quantified.
Results:
All horses safely completed the study. The KET group exhibited transient excitation during the ketamine loading infusion (P < .05) and 1 hour after discontinuation of administration (P < .05). Neutrophilic leukocytosis was greater in the KET group 8 and 24 hours after administration of LPS (P < .05). Minor perturbations of plasma biochemistry results were considered clinically insignificant. Plasma TNF-α and TXB(2) production peaked 1.5 and 1 hours, respectively, after administration of LPS in both groups, but a significant difference between treatment groups was not demonstrated.
Conclusions And Clinical Importance:
A subanesthetic ketamine CRI is well tolerated by horses. A significant effect on the clinical or immunologic response to LPS administration, as assessed by clinical observation, hematological parameters, and TNF-α and TXB(2) production, was not identified in healthy horses with the subanesthetic dose of racemic ketamine utilized in this study.
