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Related Concept Videos

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers01:12

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class III Agents as Potassium Channel Blockers

Class III antiarrhythmic drugs are a group of medications that can prolong action potentials in the heart. They achieve this by blocking potassium channels or enhancing inward currents from sodium channels. However, these drugs have a unique property of "reverse use-dependence," which is most pronounced at slower heart rates and can lead to torsades de pointes—a specific type of arrhythmia. However, it is essential to note that excessive QT interval prolongation—a measure of the heart's...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class I Agents as Sodium Channel Blockers01:22

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class I Agents as Sodium Channel Blockers

Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are used to treat various types of arrhythmias or irregular heart rhythms. These drugs block the sodium (Na+) channels in the cardiac cells, thereby affecting the movement of electrical impulses across the heart. Class I antiarrhythmic drugs are divided into three subgroups: Class IA, Class IB, and Class IC, each with distinct mechanisms of action and effects on the heart.
Class 1A Antiarrhythmic Drugs: These drugs work by moderately blocking sodium channels,...
Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence01:22

Pharmaceutical Alternatives: Stability-Related Therapeutic Nonequivalence

Generic intravenous (IV) drugs are considered bioequivalent to their branded counterparts due to their 100% bioavailability upon administration. However, variations in stability among different drug products can significantly influence their therapeutic performance, even if they are pharmaceutically equivalent.Cefuroxime, a prophylactic antimicrobial, is often used as a single-dose IV injection for patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting surgery. A 3 g dose typically provides...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which indirectly block calcium...
Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers01:20

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers

Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs, such as verapamil and diltiazem, block calcium channels. They primarily affect the heart, slowing the conduction in calcium-dependent tissues like the SA and AV nodes. These drugs manage reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and reduce ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation.
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits calcium movement across myocardial cell membranes and vascular smooth muscle. This results in the dilation of coronary and...
Drug Nomenclature01:17

Drug Nomenclature

During the development of a new pharmaceutical, the manufacturer initially assigns a code name to the drug. Once approved, the drug receives a United States Adopted Name (USAN)—a generic, nonproprietary designation. Upon being listed in the United States Pharmacopeia, this nonproprietary name becomes the drug's official name. Additionally, the manufacturer assigns a proprietary name or trademark, which serves as the brand name under which the drug is marketed. It is worth noting that the same...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation
08:56

Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: September 24, 2021

Amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction: brand-name versus generic formulations.

Meytal A Tsadok1, Cynthia A Jackevicius, Elham Rahme

  • 1Division of Internal Medicine, McGill University Health Center, Montréal, Que.

CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association Journal = Journal De L'Association Medicale Canadienne
|July 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study found no difference in thyroid dysfunction risk between brand-name and generic amiodarone. Key risk factors for thyroid issues include being female, older age, and COPD.

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Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
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Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Published on: January 18, 2018

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Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation
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Published on: September 24, 2021

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke
09:21

Optimized Management of Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke

Published on: January 18, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Amiodarone is known to cause thyroid dysfunction.
  • Concerns exist regarding potential differences between brand-name and generic amiodarone formulations.
  • This study aimed to compare thyroid dysfunction risks and identify associated factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the risk of thyroid dysfunction between patients using brand-name versus generic amiodarone.
  • To identify risk factors for amiodarone-induced thyroid dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective cohort study of patients aged 66+ with atrial fibrillation.
  • Utilized administrative databases for demographics, clinical data, and prescription claims.
  • Estimated thyroid dysfunction incidence using person-year rates.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in thyroid dysfunction incidence between generic and brand-name amiodarone (HR 0.97, 95% CI 0.87-1.08).
  • Mean time to dysfunction was similar: 4.32 years (brand) vs. 4.09 years (generic).
  • Increased risk associated with female sex, older age, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Conclusions:

  • Brand-name and generic amiodarone formulations do not differ in their risk of causing thyroid dysfunction.
  • Identified patient-specific factors that increase the risk of thyroid dysfunction.