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Related Concept Videos

Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Inhibitors Of Virion Release01:25

Inhibitors Of Virion Release

Viral replication and dissemination rely on efficient mechanisms for host cell entry, genome replication, assembly, and release. Influenza viruses, such as types A and B, are negative-sense single-stranded RNA viruses with a segmented genome, that depend on two critical surface glycoproteins to carry out these processes: hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). HA initiates infection by binding to sialic acid residues on the surface of host epithelial cells, facilitating receptor-mediated...
Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R stands for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
10:44

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

Influenza A viruses: new research developments.

Rafael A Medina1, Adolfo García-Sastre

  • 1Department of Microbiology, and Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|July 13, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Influenza A viruses pose a pandemic risk. Surveillance and laboratory studies of these zoonotic viruses in animals and humans are crucial for understanding and preventing future outbreaks.

Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Epidemiology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Influenza A viruses are zoonotic pathogens with the potential to cause epidemics and pandemics.
  • These viruses circulate in various animal hosts, including birds, pigs, horses, and humans.
  • Understanding viral evolution and host tropism is critical for pandemic preparedness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the importance of surveillance and characterization of naturally occurring influenza A viruses.
  • To review the impact of laboratory advancements on understanding viral host tropism and virulence.
  • To revise lessons learned from past influenza pandemics over the last century.

Main Methods:

  • Review of surveillance data for influenza A viruses.
  • Analysis of laboratory characterization studies on influenza virus tropism and virulence.

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A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

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Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
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Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
10:44

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

Published on: September 7, 2017

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection
05:21

A Luciferase-fluorescent Reporter Influenza Virus for Live Imaging and Quantification of Viral Infection

Published on: August 14, 2019

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses
09:07

Using Zebrafish Models of Human Influenza A Virus Infections to Screen Antiviral Drugs and Characterize Host Immune Cell Responses

Published on: January 20, 2017

  • Historical review of past influenza pandemic events and their characteristics.

    • Main Results:

    • Surveillance and characterization of influenza A viruses are vital for early detection of pandemic threats.
    • Laboratory innovations have significantly enhanced the understanding of viral adaptation and pathogenicity.
    • Past pandemics offer critical insights into viral behavior and effective control strategies.

    Conclusions:

    • Continuous surveillance and characterization of influenza A viruses are essential for global health security.
    • Advancements in laboratory science are key to predicting and mitigating influenza pandemic risks.
    • Learning from historical pandemics informs current strategies for influenza A virus control and prevention.