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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
10:12

Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples

Published on: June 19, 2018

Wavelength dispersive X-ray fluorescence imaging.

Kouichi Tsuji1, Takashi Ohmori, Makoto Yamaguchi

  • 1Department of Applied Chemistry & Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka, Japan. tsuji@a-chem.eng.osaka-cu.ac.jp

Analytical Chemistry
|July 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

A novel wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometer uses polycapillary optics for elemental imaging. This new design successfully captured X-ray elemental images of copper and nickel.

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Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles
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Synchrotron X-ray Microdiffraction and Fluorescence Imaging of Mineral and Rock Samples
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Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles
10:00

Energy Dispersive X-ray Tomography for 3D Elemental Mapping of Individual Nanoparticles

Published on: July 5, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Conventional wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectrometers typically use soller slits for X-ray collimation.
  • Developing advanced X-ray imaging techniques is crucial for detailed elemental analysis of sample surfaces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and characterize a new WD-XRF imaging spectrometer utilizing straight polycapillary optics.
  • To evaluate the performance of this novel spectrometer for elemental distribution analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A new WD-XRF imaging spectrometer was constructed, incorporating straight polycapillary optics instead of a soller slit.
  • X-rays were guided via external total reflection through the polycapillary optics.
  • An analyzing crystal (LiF(200)) dispersed the X-ray fluorescence, and a 2D X-ray CCD detector captured the elemental distribution.

Main Results:

  • The developed spectrometer achieved an energy resolution of 130-152 eV at the Zn Kα peak.
  • Successful acquisition of X-ray elemental images for Copper Kα and Nickel Kα was demonstrated.
  • The technique preserved information on the elemental distribution on the sample surface.

Conclusions:

  • The novel WD-XRF imaging spectrometer with polycapillary optics shows promise for elemental mapping.
  • This technique offers an alternative to conventional methods for surface elemental analysis.
  • Further improvements in analytical performance are anticipated.