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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Toxins01:12

Bacterial Toxins

Bacterial toxins are sophisticated virulence factors that enable pathogenic bacteria to interact with, invade, and damage host tissues. These toxins fall broadly into two types: protein exotoxins, which are secreted into the environment and target specific host receptors, and lipopolysaccharide endotoxins, which are structural components of the bacterial outer membrane released primarily during bacterial lysis or membrane shedding. Exotoxins generally act more selectively, binding to cell...
Botulism01:22

Botulism

Botulism is a life-threatening neuroparalytic condition caused by botulinum neurotoxin, which is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive, spore-forming, obligate anaerobe.In adults, the toxin enters the body in different ways: in foodborne botulism, the preformed toxin is absorbed in the intestine. In wound botulism, spores grow in injured tissue and release the toxin into the blood. Infant botulism differs mechanistically from adult forms. In infants, botulism commonly...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...
Bacterial Gastroenteritis01:18

Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Bacterial gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and vomiting, is often caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and is frequently associated with pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. These microbes exploit two principal mechanisms to inflict disease.Shiga toxin–producing E. coli, also referred to as STEC—notably O157:H7—release Shiga toxins that target ribosomes, blocking protein synthesis. The B subunit of the toxin binds the host glycolipid receptor...
Tetanus01:29

Tetanus

Tetanus is a life-threatening neurological disorder characterized by persistent muscle contractions and spastic paralysis. It is caused by Clostridium tetani, a motile, Gram-positive, rod-shaped, obligate anaerobe. These bacteria produce terminal endospores, giving them a distinctive “lollipop” or “tennis-racket” appearance. They thrive in anaerobic environments, such as those found in deep puncture wounds.Once introduced into the body, the spores germinate into vegetative cells. These cells...
Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison01:14

Prevention of Further Absorption of Poison

In cases of acute poisoning, the primary objective is to prevent further absorption of the toxic substance into the body. Immediate interventions using various decontamination techniques targeting the gastrointestinal (GI) tract can achieve this. Decontamination is crucial to prevent poison from entering the systemic circulation, which involves washing affected areas with water and mild soap and removing contaminated clothing. Once external decontamination is done, attention must be turned to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

Binary toxin and death after Clostridium difficile infection.

Sabrina Bacci1, Kåre Mølbak, Marianne K Kjeldsen

  • 1European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training, Stockholm, Sweden. cci@ssi.dk

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|July 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Patients with binary toxin-producing Clostridium difficile infections face higher mortality. Controlling C. difficile should focus on all virulent strains, regardless of PCR ribotype.

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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
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A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291
06:51

Cefoperazone-treated Mouse Model of Clinically-relevant Clostridium difficile Strain R20291

Published on: December 10, 2016

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection
09:12

A Protein Microarray Assay for Serological Determination of Antigen-specific Antibody Responses Following Clostridium difficile Infection

Published on: June 15, 2018

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment
12:58

A Protocol to Characterize the Morphological Changes of Clostridium difficile in Response to Antibiotic Treatment

Published on: May 25, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) poses a significant public health threat.
  • Virulence factors, such as toxins A, B, and binary toxin, contribute to CDI severity.
  • The role of binary toxin in CDI outcomes requires further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare 30-day case-fatality rates in patients with and without binary toxin-producing C. difficile.
  • To investigate the impact of binary toxin presence on CDI mortality.
  • To assess the contribution of PCR ribotype 027 to C. difficile virulence.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective comparison of 30-day case-fatality rates.
  • Analysis of patients infected with C. difficile possessing genes for toxins A and B (without binary toxin) versus those with genes for toxins A, B, and binary toxin.
  • Inclusion of patients with PCR ribotype 027 (CD027) and non-027 strains.

Main Results:

  • Patients with binary toxin-producing C. difficile exhibited higher case-fatality rates (univariate RR 1.8, multivariate RR 1.6).
  • No significant difference in case-fatality rates was observed between CD027 and CD non-027 strains (27.8% vs. 28.0%).
  • Binary toxin may serve as a marker for or directly contribute to C. difficile virulence.

Conclusions:

  • Binary toxin presence is associated with increased mortality in C. difficile infections.
  • Virulence of C. difficile is not solely determined by PCR ribotype 027.
  • Control strategies for CDI should target all virulent C. difficile strains, irrespective of PCR ribotype.