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Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Influenza01:27

Influenza

Influenza is an acute, highly communicable viral disease that affects the respiratory tract and is responsible for seasonal epidemics worldwide. Influenza A is the most prevalent type associated with widespread outbreaks and is subtyped based on two surface glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N), as in H1N1. These glycoproteins are essential for viral infectivity, transmission, and immune recognition. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and contaminated...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies
04:47

A Method to Assess Fc-mediated Effector Functions Induced by Influenza Hemagglutinin Specific Antibodies

Published on: February 23, 2018

Immunologic changes during Pandemic (H1N1) 2009, China.

Hong-Hui Shen1, Jun Hou, Wei-Wei Chen

  • 1Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.

Emerging Infectious Diseases
|July 14, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection caused temporary increases in interleukin-6, interferon-y, and interleukin-10. Virus-specific antibody levels rose later, peaking 36 days after illness onset in hospitalized patients.

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Last Updated: May 31, 2026

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Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice
07:07

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

Published on: June 27, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 posed a significant global health threat.
  • Understanding the host immune response is crucial for managing influenza A virus infections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the temporal dynamics of specific immune markers in hospitalized patients with pandemic (H1N1) 2009.
  • To characterize the changes in cytokine levels and virus-specific antibody responses following infection.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of longitudinal immunologic data from 28 hospitalized patients.
  • Measurement of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-y (IFN-y), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels.
  • Quantification of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus-specific antibody titers over time.

Main Results:

  • IL-6, IFN-y, and IL-10 levels showed a transient increase within 1 day of illness onset, returning to baseline thereafter.
  • Virus-specific antibody levels were initially undetectable post-onset.
  • Antibody titers peaked approximately 36 days after the onset of illness.

Conclusions:

  • The study elucidates the characteristic immune response profile to pandemic (H1N1) 2009 infection.
  • A delayed but significant antibody response is mounted following acute infection.
  • These findings contribute to understanding the immunopathogenesis of novel influenza A virus strains.