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Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.

Anatomy of the Heart

Anatomy of the Heart

The heart is a hollow, muscular organ approximately the size of a fist, consisting of four chambers. It is enclosed in the pericardium, a fibrous sac with two layers: the visceral and parietal pericardium, separated by a fluid-filled space containing serous fluid to reduce friction.
The heart has three layers: the innermost endocardium, the muscular myocardium, and the outer epicardium, all working together for optimal cardiac function.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart is made up of four...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Pipeline for Multi-Scale Three-Dimensional Anatomic Study of the Human Heart

Pipeline for Multi-Scale Three-Dimensional Anatomic Study of the Human Heart

Published on: June 28, 2024

A 2-D gel reference map of the basic human heart proteome.

Julie Polden¹, Ciara A McManus, Cris Dos Remedios

¹UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland. julie.polden@ucd.ie

|July 14, 2011

Summary

Researchers identified basic proteins in the human heart using 2D electrophoresis (2-DE). This proteome map aids future studies on heart diseases like dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease.

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Area of Science:

Proteomics
Human Physiology
Biochemistry

Background:

Understanding the human heart proteome is crucial for diagnosing and treating cardiac conditions.
Previous proteomic studies have not comprehensively cataloged basic proteins in the human heart.

Purpose of the Study:

To create a reference map of basic proteins (pH 6-11) in the human left ventricle.
To facilitate further research into heart diseases by providing a detailed proteomic dataset.

Main Methods:

Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was employed for protein separation.
Proteins were identified using mass spectrometry and analyzed with the Proline software platform.
A proteomic data analysis platform developed in-house was utilized.

Main Results:

A proteome map detailing 176 identified spots and 151 unique proteins was generated.
The human heart proteome map is accessible via the UCD-2DPAGE database.
Mass spectrometry data has been submitted to the PRIDE database (Accession number ♯10098).

Conclusions:

The established reference map serves as a valuable resource for heart proteomic studies.
This work supports research into cardiac diseases, including dilated cardiomyopathy and ischemic heart disease.
The UCD-2DPAGE database offers a collection of heart reference maps for scientific exploration.