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Related Concept Videos

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers01:24

Characteristics and Nomenclature of Copolymers

Copolymers are the products obtained from the polymerization of multiple monomer species. So, in a polymer chain itself, there can be multiple repeating units that come from different monomers. The process of synthesizing a polymer from different monomer species is called copolymerization. When two monomers are involved, the polymer is known as a bipolymer. Polymers with three and four monomers are termed terpolymers and quaterpolymers, respectively. Figure 1 depicts the copolymerization of...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...
Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Updated: May 31, 2026

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

Multiple vesicular morphologies in AB/AC diblock copolymer complexes through hydrogen bonding interactions.

Nisa V Salim1, Qipeng Guo

  • 1Polymers Research Group, Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|July 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created diverse polymer vesicles using hydrogen bonding between block copolymers. This method offers a new way to form complex structures like interconnected compound vesicles in water.

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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

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Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
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Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions
10:53

Anionic Polymerization of an Amphiphilic Copolymer for Preparation of Block Copolymer Micelles Stabilized by π-π Stacking Interactions

Published on: October 10, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Block copolymers self-assemble into various structures in solution.
  • Hydrogen bonding is a key interaction for driving self-assembly.
  • Controlling morphology in aqueous polymer systems is challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the formation of vesicular morphologies in block copolymer complexes.
  • To explore the role of hydrogen bonding in driving complexation and morphological transitions.
  • To establish a correlation between copolymer ratio and aggregate morphology.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a model system of polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid) (PS-b-PAA) and polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO).
  • Employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS).
  • Varied the molar ratio of PEO to PAA to observe morphological changes.

Main Results:

  • Observed multiple vesicular morphologies including vesicles, multilamellar vesicles (MLVs), thick-walled vesicles (TWVs), and interconnected compound vesicles (ICCVs).
  • Identified ICCVs as a novel morphology.
  • Correlated specific morphologies with distinct PEO/PAA molar ratios: vesicles at 0.5, MLVs at 1, TWVs at 2, ICCVs at 6, and irregular aggregates at ratios >= 8.

Conclusions:

  • Complexation between amphiphilic diblock copolymers via hydrogen bonding is an effective strategy for generating polymer vesicles.
  • The PEO/PAA molar ratio is a critical factor in controlling the resulting aggregate morphology.
  • This approach provides a versatile route to tunable polymer nanostructures in aqueous media.