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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway

Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
Lysosomal Hydrolases01:22

Lysosomal Hydrolases

Lysosomes are the site for the degradation of macromolecules and biological polymers released during membrane trafficking events such as secretory, endocytic, autophagic, and phagocytic pathways. The membrane-enclosed area of the lysosome, called the lumen, contains hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment. These acid hydrolases are functional at a pH between 4.5 and 5 and are involved in cellular processes such as cell signaling, energy metabolism, restoration of the plasma membrane,...
Parkinson Disease l: Introduction01:24

Parkinson Disease l: Introduction

Parkinson’s disease is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that primarily affects movement. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors, muscle rigidity, bradykinesia (slowness of movement), and postural instability. Patients may notice hand tremors at rest, stiffness during movement, or a shuffling gait. In addition to motor features, non-motor symptoms include sleep disturbances, mood and behavioral changes, constipation, and cognitive impairment, all of which...
Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:24

Parkinson Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...
Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Updated: May 31, 2026

Rab10 Phosphorylation Detection by LRRK2 Activity Using SDS-PAGE with a Phosphate-binding Tag
08:55

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Olfactory dysfunction in LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers.

R Saunders-Pullman1, K Stanley, C Wang

  • 1Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA. rsaunder@bethisraelny.org

Neurology
|July 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory dysfunction is common in Parkinson disease (PD). LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers, with or without PD, show impaired olfaction, suggesting it may predict PD development in carriers.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Olfactory Research

Background:

  • Olfactory dysfunction is a known nonmotor symptom of idiopathic Parkinson disease (PD), potentially preceding clinical onset.
  • The extent of olfactory impairment in PD patients with LRRK2 G2019S mutations is debated, and its presence in mutation carriers without PD is unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate olfactory function in individuals with and without Parkinson disease (PD) who carry the LRRK2 G2019S mutation.
  • To determine if olfactory disturbances are present in LRRK2 mutation carriers who have not yet developed PD symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) was administered to 31 PD patients with LRRK2 G2019S mutations (PD-MC), 30 PD patients without mutations (PD-NC), 28 LRRK2 mutation carrier family members (NMC), and 46 controls.
  • Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the association between olfactory scores and PD and LRRK2 mutation status.

Main Results:

  • Parkinson disease (PD) was associated with impaired olfaction, irrespective of LRRK2 mutation status.
  • LRRK2 G2019S carriers, both with and without PD, exhibited increased olfactory impairment compared to controls.
  • Nonmanifesting carriers (NMC) showed significantly lower mean UPSIT scores than controls, indicating olfactory deficits in a subset of asymptomatic carriers.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory impairment is present in LRRK2 G2019S-related PD, though less severe than in other forms of PD.
  • A subset of LRRK2 nonmanifesting carriers (NMC) exhibit olfactory dysfunction, suggesting it may serve as an early marker for PD development in this group.
  • Longitudinal studies are recommended to further investigate the predictive value of olfactory deficits in LRRK2 mutation carriers.