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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis01:28

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...
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Color Spot Test As a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones
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Published on: February 5, 2018

N-Ethyl-3,5-dinitro-benzamide.

Jia-Ying Xu, Wei-Hua Cheng

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |July 15, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study details the molecular structure of C(9)H(9)N(3)O(5), revealing a 31.24° dihedral angle between its amide group and benzene ring. Molecules self-assemble into chains via hydrogen bonds in the crystal structure.

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    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Molecular Chemistry

    Background:

    • Understanding molecular conformation and intermolecular interactions is crucial in materials science.
    • Crystal engineering relies on predicting and controlling supramolecular structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To characterize the crystal structure of the title molecule C(9)H(9)N(3)O(5).
    • To investigate the conformational preferences and hydrogen bonding patterns in the solid state.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • Analysis of intermolecular interactions, specifically N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, was performed.

    Main Results:

    • The dihedral angle between the amide group and the benzene ring was determined to be 31.24(14)°.
    • The crystal packing is dominated by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming infinite one-dimensional chains along the [100] direction.

    Conclusions:

    • The observed conformation is influenced by the interplay between the amide and aromatic moieties.
    • The hydrogen bonding network dictates the formation of 1D supramolecular architecture in the solid state.