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Related Concept Videos

Coordination Number and Geometry02:57

Coordination Number and Geometry

For transition metal complexes, the coordination number determines the geometry around the central metal ion. Table 1 compares coordination numbers to molecular geometry. The most common structures of the complexes in coordination compounds are octahedral, tetrahedral, and square planar.
Extraction: Advanced Methods00:56

Extraction: Advanced Methods

Metal ions can be separated from one another by complexation with organic ligands–the chelating agent– to form uncharged chelates. Here, the chelating agent must contain hydrophobic groups and behave as a weak acid, losing a proton to bind with the metal. Since most organic ligands used in this process are insoluble or undergo oxidation in the aqueous phase, the chelating agent is initially added to the organic phase and extracted into the aqueous phase. The metal-ligand complex is formed in...
Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria01:07

Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria

Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
The formation constant, K1, for the formation of Cd(NH3)2+ complex from cadmium and ammonia is 3.55 × 102. Log K1 (i.e. pNH3) is 2.55, and...
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene01:15

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene

Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process01:10

Hydrolysis of Chlorobenzene to Phenol: Dow Process

Simple aryl halides do not react with nucleophiles under normal conditions. However, the reaction can proceed under drastic conditions involving high temperatures and high pressure to give the substituted products. For example, chlorobenzene is converted to phenol using aqueous sodium hydroxide at 350 °C under high pressure by the Dow process. The reaction follows an elimination-addition mechanism involving a benzyne intermediate. Here, the chloride ion is eliminated to generate the benzyne...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst
09:12

[(DPEPhos)(bcp)Cu]PF6: A General and Broadly Applicable Copper-Based Photoredox Catalyst

Published on: May 21, 2019

[1,2-Bis(pyridin-2-ylmeth-oxy)benzene-κN,O,O',N']dichloridocopper(II).

Nan-Nan Huang, Shuang Zhang, Ying Liu

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |July 15, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study details the crystal structure of a copper(II) compound, [CuCl2(C18H16N2O2)], revealing a distorted octahedral coordination. Adjacent molecules form chains via pi-pi interactions and C-H...Cl hydrogen bonds.

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    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions
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    Palladium N-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Synthesis from Benzimidazolium Salts and Catalytic Activity in Carbon-carbon Bond-forming Reactions

    Published on: July 30, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Coordination Chemistry
    • Crystallography
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Copper(II) complexes are vital in catalysis and materials science.
    • Understanding the supramolecular assembly of metal complexes informs material properties.
    • Ligand design influences coordination geometry and crystal packing.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure and supramolecular arrangement of a novel copper(II) complex.
    • To investigate the coordination environment around the Cu(II) center.
    • To identify intermolecular interactions driving crystal packing.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the molecular and crystal structure.
    • The coordination geometry and bonding were analyzed.
    • Intermolecular interactions, including pi-pi stacking and hydrogen bonding, were identified and characterized.

    Main Results:

    • The title compound, [CuCl2(C18H16N2O2)], features a central Cu(II) atom in a distorted octahedral environment.
    • The coordination sphere consists of two nitrogen and two oxygen atoms from the organic ligand, along with two chloride ligands.
    • Adjacent molecules are linked into a chain structure through pi-pi interactions (centroid-centroid distance = 3.838 Å) and C-H...Cl hydrogen bonds.

    Conclusions:

    • The crystal structure of the copper(II) complex is fully characterized.
    • The distorted octahedral geometry and the specific intermolecular interactions dictate the formation of a one-dimensional chain.
    • This structural insight contributes to the understanding of supramolecular chemistry in copper complexes.