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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction01:28

Multiple Halogenation of Methyl Ketones: Haloform Reaction

A method involving the transformation of methyl ketones to carboxylic acids using excess base and halogen is called the haloform reaction. It begins with the deprotonation of α hydrogen to form an enolate ion which reacts with the electrophilic halogen to give an α-halo ketone. The step continues until all the α protons are substituted to form a trihalomethyl ketone. The resulting molecule is unstable, and in the presence of a hydroxide base, it readily undergoes nucleophilic acyl substitution.
Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives01:37

NMR Spectroscopy of Benzene Derivatives

Simple unsubstituted benzene has six aromatic protons, all chemically equivalent. Therefore, benzene exhibits only a singlet peak at δ 7.3 ppm in the 1H NMR spectrum. The observed shift is far downfield because the aromatic ring current strongly deshields the protons. Any substitution on the benzene ring makes the aromatic protons nonequivalent, and the protons split each other. The peak is, therefore, no longer a singlet and the splitting pattern and their associated coupling constants depend...
ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH301:11

ortho–para-Directing Activators: –CH3, –OH, –⁠NH2, –OCH3

All ortho–para directors, excluding halogens, are activating groups. These groups donate electrons to the ring, making the ring carbons electron-rich. Consequently, the reactivity of the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution increases. For instance, the nitration of anisole is about 10,000 times faster than the nitration of benzene. The electron-donating effect of the methoxy group in anisole activates the ortho and para positions on the ring and stabilizes the corresponding...
Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect02:35

Regioselectivity of Electrophilic Additions-Peroxide Effect

In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives
08:43

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Published on: January 19, 2016

Methyl 4-(3-chloro-prop-oxy)benzoate.

Ya-Bin Shi, Ke-Ke Liu, Song Xia

    Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
    |July 15, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary

    The crystal structure of C(11)H(13)ClO(3) reveals molecules linked by intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. These bonds form zigzag chains, providing insight into the compound

    Area of Science:

    • Crystallography
    • Chemical Physics

    Background:

    • Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial for predicting material properties.
    • Hydrogen bonding plays a significant role in molecular self-assembly.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To elucidate the crystal structure of the title compound, C(11)H(13)ClO(3).
    • To identify and characterize intermolecular interactions within the crystal lattice.

    Main Methods:

    • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the three-dimensional structure.
    • Analysis of the crystal structure focused on identifying hydrogen bonding networks.

    Main Results:

    • The crystal structure of C(11)H(13)ClO(3) was successfully determined.
    • Intermolecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds were identified as the primary linking motif.

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    Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions
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  • These interactions organize the molecules into distinct zigzag chains extending along the c axis.

    • Conclusions:

    • The crystal packing of C(11)H(13)ClO(3) is dominated by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonding.
    • The observed zigzag chain formation provides a fundamental understanding of the solid-state behavior of this compound.