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Related Concept Videos

Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
Halogens03:01

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group.
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene01:14

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of X2 to 1,3-Butadiene

Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
Qualitative Analysis03:46

Qualitative Analysis

For solutions containing mixtures of different cations, the identity of each cation can be determined by qualitative analysis. This technique involves a series of selective precipitations with different chemical reagents, each reaction producing a characteristic precipitate for a specific group of cations. Metal ions within a group are further separated by varying the pH, heating the mixture to redissolve a precipitate, or adding other reagents to form complex ions.
For instance, group IV...
Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility02:34

Comparing Intermolecular Forces: Melting Point, Boiling Point, and Miscibility

Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...

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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)

Published on: November 22, 2016

Butane-1,4-diammonium bis(perchlorate).

Charmaine Arderne1, Gert J Kruger

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 524, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, 2006, South Africa.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|July 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The crystal structure of butane-1,4-diammonium perchlorate reveals a complex 3D hydrogen-bonding network. This network features bifurcated interactions and a notable 50-membered ring, highlighting intricate molecular arrangements.

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Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides
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Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides

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Preparation and Reactivity of a Triphosphenium Bromide Salt: A Convenient and Stable Source of Phosphorus(I)
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Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides
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Efficient Synthesis of All-Carbon Quaternary Centers via the Conjugate Addition of Functionalized Monoorganozinc Bromides

Published on: May 26, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Crystal chemistry
  • Supramolecular chemistry
  • Hydrogen bonding

Background:

  • Understanding the crystal structure of organic salts is crucial for predicting their physical and chemical properties.
  • Butane-1,4-diammonium perchlorate is a compound with potential applications in materials science.
  • Detailed analysis of hydrogen bonding provides insights into molecular assembly and stability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the crystal structure of butane-1,4-diammonium perchlorate.
  • To investigate the hydrogen bonding network within the crystal lattice.
  • To identify and characterize complex hydrogen-bonded motifs.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was employed to determine the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of crystallographic data to identify symmetry elements and atomic positions.
  • Graph-set notation was used to describe hydrogen-bonded ring and chain structures.

Main Results:

  • The butane-1,4-diammonium cation occupies a special crystallographic position (site symmetry 2/m).
  • Perchlorate anions are located on a crystallographic mirror plane.
  • A 3D hydrogen-bonding network was observed, characterized by bifurcated N-H···O interactions.
  • A large, 50-membered hydrogen-bonded ring (R(10)(10)(50)) was identified.

Conclusions:

  • The crystal structure is stabilized by an extensive three-dimensional hydrogen-bonding network.
  • The identified network and ring motifs demonstrate complex supramolecular organization in this salt.
  • The specific arrangement of cations and anions influences the overall hydrogen bonding.