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Related Concept Videos

Urea Cycle01:23

Urea Cycle

The urea cycle describes how liver cells convert ammonia to urea. Ammonia is a toxic waste product of protein catabolism. Land animals must convert ammonia into the less toxic urea which can be safely eliminated by the kidneys through urine. Marine animals excrete ammonia directly, and the surrounding water dilutes the ammonia to safe levels.
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview01:15

Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Overview

Carboxylic acid derivatives are formed by replacing the hydroxyl group of carboxylic acids with a different functional group. The most common carboxylic acid derivatives are:
Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides01:16

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Acid Halides, Esters, and Acid Anhydrides

Naming Acid Halides
The IUPAC and common names of acid halides are derived from the corresponding carboxylic acids, by changing “ic acid” to “yl halide.” For example, as shown below, the IUPAC name ethanoyl chloride is derived from ethanoic acid, and the common name, acetyl chloride, is obtained from acetic acid.
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base01:08

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Weak Base

Weak acids and bases do not undergo dissociation completely, and titrations between these two are rarely studied. When such studies are performed, say, for the titration of a weak acid with a weak base, the titration curve plots the change in pH as a function of the volume of base added. Take the titration of acetic acid with ammonia, for instance. During the titration, these two species form ammonium acetate and water, but the pH change is slow and gradual.
As a result, there is no simple...
Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid01:20

Titration of a Weak Base with a Strong Acid

The titration curve of a weak base like ammonia with a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is the mirror image of the titration curve of a weak acid with a strong base.
Using the ICE table and substituting the Kb value, we calculate the initial pH of 50 mL of 0.1 M ammonia to be 11.11. Addition of 25 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid to this solution of ammonia results in a buffer with an equal concentration of ammonia and ammonium ions. The pH of this buffer can be calculated by substituting these...
Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations01:17

Solution Composition During Acid/Base Titrations

The titration of a weak acid with a strong base results in the formation of water and the conjugate base of the acid. For instance, titrating acetic acid with sodium hydroxide leads to the formation of water and sodium acetate. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate constitutes a buffer whose relative concentration at different stages of the titration is indicated by the α values, which represent percentages of the weak acid and its conjugate base.
The α0 and α1 values represent the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics
14:18

A Strategy for Sensitive, Large Scale Quantitative Metabolomics

Published on: May 27, 2014

Urea-adipic acid (2/1).

Hai-Sheng Chang1, Jian-Li Lin

  • 1Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry Research, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315211, People's Republic of China.

Acta Crystallographica. Section E, Structure Reports Online
|July 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study details the crystal structure of a urea and adipic acid co-crystal. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the crystal packing, forming a three-dimensional network.

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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase
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Preparation and In Vivo Use of an Activity-based Probe for N-acylethanolamine Acid Amidase

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Area of Science:

  • Crystallography
  • Materials Science
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Co-crystals are crystalline solids composed of two or more different molecular components.
  • Understanding co-crystal formation is crucial for developing new materials with tailored properties.
  • Urea and adipic acid are common organic molecules with potential for co-crystal formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the crystal structure of the 2:1 urea-adipic acid co-crystal.
  • To investigate the intermolecular interactions stabilizing the co-crystal.
  • To elucidate the crystal packing arrangement.

Main Methods:

  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction was used to analyze the crystal structure.
  • Analysis of hydrogen bonding and intermolecular interactions was performed.
  • Crystallographic symmetry operations were utilized to complete the molecular units.

Main Results:

  • The asymmetric unit contains two urea molecules and two half-molecules of adipic acid.
  • Adipic acid molecules were completed by crystallographic inversion symmetry.
  • Crystal packing is stabilized by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along [110].
  • Weak inter-chain interactions contribute to a 3D network.

Conclusions:

  • The 2:1 urea-adipic acid co-crystal exhibits a stable three-dimensional network structure.
  • Hydrogen bonding plays a critical role in the self-assembly and stabilization of the co-crystal.
  • The findings provide insights into the supramolecular chemistry of urea-dicarboxylic acid systems.