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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Cancer02:18

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.

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Identifying, Diagnosing, and Grading Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors in Genetically Engineered Mouse Models
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Published on: May 17, 2024

Malignant hypercalcemia.

U Basso1, M Maruzzo, A Roma

  • 1Medical Oncology I, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IOV-I.R.C.C.S., 35128 Padova, Italy. umberto.basso@ioveneto.it

Current Medicinal Chemistry
|July 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH) is a serious cancer complication. Treatments like bisphosphonates and denosumab help manage high calcium levels by targeting bone resorption and underlying cancer.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Biology

Background:

  • Malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAH) is a critical oncologic emergency.
  • Prevalence has decreased due to bisphosphonate use for skeletal events.
  • Humoral and osteolytic hypercalcemia mechanisms, including RANKL pathway activation, are key.
  • Parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) and ectopic 1,25(OH)₂D₃ contribute to humoral MAH.
  • Cancer cell invasion causes osteolytic hypercalcemia via enzymes and pro-osteolytic agents.
  • Symptoms range from acute neurological issues to indolent changes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology and management of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia.
  • To highlight current and novel therapeutic strategies for MAH.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on the mechanisms and treatment of MAH.
  • Discussion of bisphosphonates, hydration, diuretics, and novel agents like denosumab.

Main Results:

  • Bisphosphonates effectively control MAH when combined with cancer treatment.
  • Denosumab, an anti-RANKL antibody, shows promise in reducing bone resorption.
  • Phase III studies indicate denosumab's efficacy and manageable toxicity in bone metastases.

Conclusions:

  • Prompt cancer treatment is crucial for managing MAH.
  • Bisphosphonates are standard therapy, while denosumab offers a novel approach targeting bone resorption.
  • Understanding the dual mechanisms of humoral and osteolytic hypercalcemia is vital for effective patient management.