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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the anterior...
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Analyzing Craniofacial Morphogenesis in Zebrafish Using 4D Confocal Microscopy
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Published on: January 30, 2014

V-ATPase-dependent ectodermal voltage and pH regionalization are required for craniofacial morphogenesis.

Laura N Vandenberg1, Ryan D Morrie, Dany Spencer Adams

  • 1The Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, and Biology Department, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists
|July 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Scientists discovered new bioelectrical patterns in Xenopus ectoderm development. These voltage and pH signals are crucial for craniofacial development and gene expression, revealing a novel regulatory mechanism.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Bioelectricity
  • Xenopus laevis research

Background:

  • The Xenopus ectoderm exhibits complex developmental processes.
  • Bioelectrical signals are increasingly recognized for their role in morphogenesis.
  • Understanding regionalization is key to deciphering developmental patterning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate novel regionalization patterns in the Xenopus ectoderm.
  • To identify and characterize distinct courses of bioelectrical activity.
  • To determine the role of bioelectrical signals in craniofacial development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized voltage and pH reporter dyes for live imaging.
  • Observed and categorized three distinct courses of bioelectrical activity.
  • Inhibited proton transport via H(+)-V-ATPase to assess functional impact.

Main Results:

  • Discovered unprecedented regionalization of the Xenopus ectoderm based on membrane voltage and pH.
  • Identified three courses of bioelectrical activity, including waves and localized patterns.
  • Observed craniofacial abnormalities and altered gene expression patterns (sox9, pax8, slug, mitf, xfz3, otx2, pax6) upon H(+)-V-ATPase inhibition.

Conclusions:

  • Bioelectrical signals play a significant role in Xenopus craniofacial development.
  • The identified bioelectrical patterns are linked to specific developmental events and gene expression domains.
  • This study highlights an under-appreciated bioelectric mechanism in developmental regulation.