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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Hybridoma Technology01:31

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Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
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Antibody Actions

Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are critical players in the immune system's arsenal against invading pathogens. Produced by B cells and plasma cells, their primary role is to detect and bind to specific antigens, molecules found on the surface of pathogens like bacteria or viruses. Beyond antigen recognition, antibodies perform several vital functions that contribute to immune defense.
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AID targeting in antibody diversity.

Rushad Pavri1, Michel C Nussenzweig

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, USA.

Advances in Immunology
|July 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) drives antibody maturation through class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM). Transcriptional stalling is proposed as a key mechanism for recruiting AID to both immunoglobulin and non-immunoglobulin targets, explaining gene mutations and translocations.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Antibody maturation relies on class switch recombination (CSR) and somatic hypermutation (SHM).
  • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) initiates both CSR and SHM by deaminating cytosine residues.
  • Initially considered immunoglobulin (Ig)-specific, AID is now known to target non-Ig loci, including Bcl6 and c-myc, implicated in lymphoma.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on AID targeting mechanisms.
  • To explore the role of transcriptional stalling in AID recruitment.
  • To propose a model for AID recruitment that explains its function in both Ig and non-Ig gene modification.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on AID targeting.
  • Analysis of mechanisms involved in AID recruitment to DNA.
  • Development of a model for AID recruitment based on transcriptional stalling.

Main Results:

  • AID targets both Ig and non-Ig loci, contributing to antibody diversification and oncogenesis.
  • Transcriptional stalling is identified as a crucial factor in recruiting AID to target genes.
  • The proposed model integrates findings on SHM, CSR, and lymphoma-associated translocations.

Conclusions:

  • Transcriptional stalling provides a unified mechanism for AID recruitment to diverse genomic loci.
  • Understanding AID targeting is critical for comprehending antibody diversification and lymphomagenesis.
  • The proposed model offers insights into the regulation and function of AID in both normal and malignant cells.