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Related Concept Videos

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis01:20

Extrinsic and Intrinsic Pathways of Hemostasis

Blood clotting or coagulation involves extrinsic and intrinsic pathways, which ultimately merge into the common pathway, forming a fibrin clot.
The Extrinsic Pathway
The extrinsic pathway of coagulation is typically initiated by tissue damage that exposes blood to tissue factor (TF), a protein released by the damaged tissue cells outside the blood vessels—this interaction with TF triggers biochemical reactions involving specific clotting factors. The key player here is Factor VII, which forms a...
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
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Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins01:30

Anticoagulant Drugs: Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins

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The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...
ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

Optimization of Transesophageal Atrial Pacing to Assess Atrial Fibrillation Susceptibility in Mice
08:05

Optimization of Transesophageal Atrial Pacing to Assess Atrial Fibrillation Susceptibility in Mice

Published on: June 29, 2022

Inflammatory pathways underlying atrial fibrillation.

Kai Friedrichs1, Anna Klinke, Stephan Baldus

  • 1Department of Electrophysiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany.

Trends in Molecular Medicine
|July 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inflammation, particularly leukocyte activation, contributes to atrial fibrosis and structural remodeling, making it a key factor in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). Understanding this link is crucial for managing AF and its complications like stroke.

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Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation
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Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: September 24, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

Optimization of Transesophageal Atrial Pacing to Assess Atrial Fibrillation Susceptibility in Mice
08:05

Optimization of Transesophageal Atrial Pacing to Assess Atrial Fibrillation Susceptibility in Mice

Published on: June 29, 2022

Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation
08:56

Sterile Pericarditis in Aachener Minipigs As a Model for Atrial Myopathy and Atrial Fibrillation

Published on: September 24, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a prevalent condition linked to stroke and heart failure.
  • Its pathophysiology is not fully understood, with a shift from electrophysiological focus to structural remodeling.
  • Atrial fibrosis is increasingly recognized as a critical component in AF development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current evidence on the relationship between inflammation and atrial fibrillation.
  • To highlight the role of leukocytes and inflammatory pathways in atrial remodeling.
  • To underscore the significance of atrial fibrosis in AF pathophysiology.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature and evidence.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on atrial remodeling and fibrosis.
  • Examination of the role of inflammatory mediators and cell types.

Main Results:

  • Atrial fibrosis is linked to the activation state of leukocytes.
  • Leukocyte recruitment releases inflammatory mediators (ROS, cytokines, growth factors).
  • These mediators promote matrix deposition, leading to adverse atrial remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • Inflammatory pathways are a prerequisite for atrial fibrillation.
  • Leukocyte activation and subsequent fibrosis are central to AF pathophysiology.
  • Targeting inflammation may offer new therapeutic strategies for AF.