Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomical Movements00:51

Anatomical Movements

Anatomical movements refer to the various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles. These movements are described using specific terms to provide a standardized way of discussing and understanding the range of motion at different joints.
Here are some common anatomical movements:
Flexion and extension motions are in the sagittal (anterior–posterior) plane of motion. These movements take place at the shoulder, hip, elbow, knee, wrist, metacarpophalangeal,...
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
Articulations of the Vertebral Column01:28

Articulations of the Vertebral Column

In addition to being held together by the intervertebral discs, adjacent vertebrae also articulate with each other at synovial joints formed between the superior and inferior articular processes called zygapophysial joints (facet joints). These are plane joints that provide for only limited motions between the vertebrae. The orientation of the articular processes at these joints varies in different regions of the vertebral column and serves to determine the types of motions available in each...
Muscles that Move the Arm01:31

Muscles that Move the Arm

Nine muscles are involved in arm movements. Two of these, the pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi, originate from the axial skeleton and are called axial muscles. The other seven originate from the scapula and are called the scapular muscles.
The pectoralis major has two origins. Its clavicular head originates on the medial half of the clavicle. In contrast, the sternocostal head originates on the costal cartilages of ribs 1-6, the sternum, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the...
Relative Motion Analysis - Acceleration01:10

Relative Motion Analysis - Acceleration

A slider-crank mechanism converts rotational motion from the crank into linear motion of the slider or vice versa. This mechanism consists of three main parts: the crank, the connecting rod, and the slider. The movement of the slider-crank is an example of general plane motion as the fluctuating angle between the crank and the connecting rod. Consider a segment AB where point A is at the end of the slider and point B is on the diametrically opposite end to point A, on a crack. The variance in...
Absolute Motion Analysis- General Plane Motion01:24

Absolute Motion Analysis- General Plane Motion

Visualize a drone, with its propellers spinning rapidly, hovering mid-air. The fascinating movements and operations of this drone can be comprehended by applying the principle of general plane motion.
As the drone's propellers rotate, an upward force is generated that counteracts the force of gravity, enabling the drone to lift off from the ground. This initial movement of the drone is along a straight path, representing a form of translational motion. In this phase, every point on the drone...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cognitive Impairment Is Associated with Disrupted Motor Planning in Older Adults.

Neuro-degenerative diseases·2026
Same author

Comparing arm to whole-body motor control disambiguates age-related deterioration from compensation.

Frontiers in aging·2026
Same author

Correction: Increasing the cognitive demand of upper-limb psychomotor tasks increases the perception of effort.

Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience·2026
Same author

Feedback-driven adaptation of gravity-related sensorimotor control to an upside-down posture.

Journal of neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Acute and chronic effects of local muscle vibration training inducing illusions on wrist strength and neurophysiological measures.

Scientific reports·2025
Same author

Following the robot's lead: Predicting human and robot movement from EEG in a motor learning HRI task.

iScience·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 31, 2026

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor
07:25

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Published on: February 12, 2018

The temporal structure of vertical arm movements.

Jérémie Gaveau1, Charalambos Papaxanthis

  • 1Unité 887 Motricité-Plasticité, INSERM, Dijon, France.

Plos One
|July 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The central nervous system (CNS) adjusts arm movements to gravity, with upward motions being faster than downward ones. This indicates the CNS optimizes motor commands for gravity and inertia.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Gravity significantly influences arm motor planning.
  • Previous research noted direction-dependent kinematic differences in vertical arm movements.
  • The precise control mechanisms (feedforward vs. feedback) for gravity integration remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the central nervous system (CNS) integrates gravity during arm motor planning.
  • To analyze temporal features of vertical arm movements for insights into gravity force incorporation.
  • To determine the effects of movement direction and speed on arm movement kinematics.

Main Methods:

  • Eight subjects performed single-joint vertical arm movements (45° shoulder rotation).
  • Movements were executed in upward and downward directions at slow, natural, and fast speeds.

More Related Videos

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace
09:11

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Published on: August 8, 2019

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans
10:51

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Published on: January 15, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 31, 2026

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor
07:25

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

Published on: February 12, 2018

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace
09:11

Design and Use of an Apparatus for Presenting Graspable Objects in 3D Workspace

Published on: August 8, 2019

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans
10:51

Frame-by-Frame Video Analysis of Idiosyncratic Reach-to-Grasp Movements in Humans

Published on: January 15, 2018

  • Detailed analysis of hand acceleration profiles, including movement duration, peak acceleration, peak velocity, and deceleration parameters.

    • Main Results:

    • Upward arm movements were executed faster than downward movements.
    • Direction-dependent kinematic asymmetries were observed early in the movement and persisted.
    • Peak acceleration and peak velocity were greater for upward movements compared to downward movements.
    • Movement speed also influenced the temporal structure of acceleration profiles.

    Conclusions:

    • The CNS optimizes motor commands considering both gravitational and inertial constraints.
    • Direction and speed significantly affect the temporal structure of arm movement acceleration profiles.
    • Findings suggest sophisticated motor planning strategies for counteracting gravity.