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Joints

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Joints, also called articulations or articular surfaces, are points at which ligaments or other tissues connect adjacent bones. Joints permit movement and stability, and can be classified based on their structure or function.
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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the neck...

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Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

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The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

Published on: August 25, 2020

[A girl with bowed legs].

Tessa Dijksman¹, Karen van Doorn

¹Hagaziekenhuis, afd. Spoedeisende Hulp, Den Haag, the Netherlands.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde

|July 20, 2011

Summary

A child presented with walking difficulties, bowed legs, and wrist enlargement. Diagnosis confirmed vitamin D deficient hypocalcaemic rickets, a treatable condition affecting bone development.

Area of Science:

Pediatrics
Endocrinology
Nutritional Science

Background:

Rickets is a skeletal disorder affecting children, characterized by defective bone mineralization.
Vitamin D deficiency is a primary cause of rickets, leading to hypocalcemia and impaired bone growth.
Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial to prevent long-term skeletal deformities.

Observation:

A 2.5-year-old girl exhibited progressive difficulty with ambulation.
Physical examination revealed characteristic signs including bowed legs, frontal bossing, and enlarged wrists.
These clinical signs are indicative of significant skeletal abnormalities in pediatric patients.

Findings:

Radiographic imaging demonstrated changes consistent with rickets.
Laboratory investigations revealed hypocalcemia.

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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

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Lower Limb Biomechanical Analysis of Healthy Participants

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Published on: April 15, 2020

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

3D Kinematic Gait Analysis for Preclinical Studies in Rodents

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Combined clinical, radiographic, and laboratory data confirmed vitamin D deficient hypocalcaemic rickets.

Implications:

Prompt treatment with vitamin D and calcium supplementation can reverse bone abnormalities.
Timely management prevents permanent skeletal deformities and associated complications.
Highlights the importance of nutritional assessment and early detection of rickets in pediatric care.