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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles01:29

Relaxation of Skeletal Muscles

The period of muscle contraction primarily influences the duration of stimulation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ), the presence of free calcium ions in the sarcoplasm, and the availability of energy or ATP to support contractions.
When an action potential reaches the axon terminal, it depolarizes the membrane and opens voltage-gated sodium channels. Sodium ions enter the cell, further depolarizing the presynaptic membrane. This depolarization causes voltage-gated calcium channels to open.
Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
Smooth Muscle Contraction01:25

Smooth Muscle Contraction

Smooth muscle contraction is a complex process vital for various bodily functions, from maintaining blood vessel tension to facilitating the movement of food through the digestive tract. Unlike striated muscles, smooth muscle contraction begins more slowly and lasts longer.
The onset of contraction is triggered by an increase in calcium ions within the sarcoplasm, similar to the process in striated muscle. However, smooth muscles have a relatively smaller reservoir of the sarcoplasmic...
Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Endoplasmic Reticulum01:39

Endoplasmic Reticulum

The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) in eukaryotic cells is a substantial network of interconnected membranes with diverse functions, from calcium storage to biomolecule synthesis. A primary component of the endomembrane system, the ER manufactures phospholipids critical for membrane function throughout the cell. Additionally, the two distinct regions of the ER specialize in the manufacture of specific lipids and proteins.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
11:00

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes

Published on: September 18, 2017

Dynamic local changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium: physiological and pathophysiological roles.

Eric A Sobie1, W J Lederer

  • 1Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. eric.sobie@mssm.edu

Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology
|July 20, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Calcium (Ca2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in cardiac cells is controlled by its internal concentration. This review explores dynamic and local Ca2+ changes in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

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Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry
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Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Assessment of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Reserve and Intracellular Diastolic Calcium Removal in Isolated Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
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Published on: September 18, 2017

Measurement of Calcium Fluctuations Within the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum of Cultured Smooth Muscle Cells Using FRET-based Confocal Imaging
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Cytosolic Calcium Measurements in Renal Epithelial Cells by Flow Cytometry

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Cellular Physiology
  • Calcium Signaling

Background:

  • Calcium (Ca2+) release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is crucial for cardiac myocyte function.
  • Recent evidence highlights the regulatory role of SR Ca2+ concentration on Ca2+ release.
  • Understanding dynamic and local changes in SR Ca2+ is key to deciphering cardiac excitation-contraction coupling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in understanding the regulation of Ca2+ release by SR Ca2+ concentration in cardiac myocytes.
  • To focus on unresolved and controversial questions regarding dynamic and local changes in SR Ca2+.
  • To discuss experimental and computational approaches for resolving these controversies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific advances.
  • Analysis of data supporting alternative viewpoints on SR Ca2+ dynamics.
  • Discussion of unresolved questions and ongoing investigations.

Main Results:

  • The review addresses five key questions: SR Ca2+ depletion in release termination, depletion extent during Ca2+ sparks, refilling effects on refractoriness and pathological release, dynamic changes during Ca2+ waves, and SR Ca2+ diffusion speed.
  • Data supporting differing perspectives on these issues are presented.
  • Fundamental questions actively under investigation are identified.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic and local changes in SR Ca2+ concentration significantly regulate Ca2+ release in cardiac myocytes.
  • Several critical aspects of this regulation remain controversial and require further investigation.
  • Advances in experimental and computational methods are expected to resolve current controversies in the field.