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Metallic Solids

Metallic Solids

Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability. Many...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Non-Stoichiometric Defects

Non-stoichiometric defects refer to a type of defect in the crystal structure of a compound where the ratio of its constituent elements deviates from the ideal stoichiometric ratio. There are two main types of non-stoichiometric defects: metal excess defects and metal deficiency defects.Metal excess defects occur when there is a slight surplus of metal ions than what is required by the stoichiometric ratio of the compound. For example, heating a sodium chloride crystal in sodium vapor results...

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Structures of Solids

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Mesocrystals: syntheses in metals and applications.

Jixiang Fang¹, Bingjun Ding, Herbert Gleiter

¹State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, School of Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaan Xi, 710049, People's Republic of China. jxfang@mail.xjtu.edu.cn

Chemical Society Reviews

|July 20, 2011

Summary

Nanoparticle self-assembly creates ordered "mesocrystals" via non-classical crystallization. This review covers progress in mesocrystal synthesis, properties, and future research directions.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Crystallography

Background:

Nanoparticle self-assembly yields ensembles with unique collective properties.
Particle-mediated crystallographically ordered self-assembly is a non-classical crystallization pathway.
Resultant ordered nanoparticle structures are termed mesocrystals.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advances in nanoparticle self-assembly and mesocrystal formation over the past decade.
To outline developments in related fields like grain rotation and oriented attachment.
To discuss recent progress in synthesizing metal mesocrystals and their properties.

Main Methods:

Review of literature on nanoparticle self-assembly.
Analysis of non-classical crystallization mechanisms.
Summary of mesocrystal synthesis techniques and characterization.

Main Results:

Significant progress in understanding and controlling nanoparticle self-assembly into mesocrystals.
Development of synthesis methods for various mesocrystal structures, particularly in metals.
Identification of unique properties arising from mesocrystal organization.

Conclusions:

Mesocrystal research has advanced significantly, offering new routes to materials with tailored properties.
Further research is needed to address open questions in synthesis, characterization, and application of mesocrystals.