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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling01:08

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved in...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment00:59

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Magnetic Moment

All atomic nuclei are positively charged. When they have a nonzero spin, they behave like rotating charges. As a consequence of their charge and spin, these nuclei generate a magnetic field (B). This, in turn, gives rise to a magnetic moment (μ), which is randomly oriented in the absence of an external magnetic field. When an external magnetic field (B0) is applied, the magnetic moment vectors can align with the field or against it in 2 + 1 orientations. A hydrogen nucleus, which is just a...

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Mixed-spin pairing condensates in heavy nuclei.

Alexandros Gezerlis1, G F Bertsch, Y L Luo

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1560, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|July 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Nuclear physics research reveals mixed-spin condensates in nuclei with an isospin imbalance. This finding, using Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations, suggests potential low-lying excitations in these unique nuclear structures.

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Quantum Many-Body Theory
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Nuclear ground-state wave functions are typically described by specific pairing symmetries.
  • Understanding nuclear pairing is crucial for explaining nuclear stability and properties.
  • Previous models primarily focused on pure spin-singlet or spin-triplet pairing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the possibility of mixed-spin condensates in nuclear ground states.
  • To determine the conditions under which mixed-spin condensates can emerge.
  • To explore the implications of mixed-spin pairing for nuclear structure and excitations.

Main Methods:

  • Solving the Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations for nuclear ground-state wave functions.
  • Utilizing a phenomenological Hamiltonian to model nuclear interactions.

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  • Applying variable constraints to spin-singlet and spin-triplet pairing amplitudes.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated that Bogoliubov-de Gennes equations support mixed-spin condensates.
    • Found that mixed-spin condensates require an isospin imbalance, not equal proton-neutron numbers.
    • Predicted the potential existence of such nuclei in the proton dripline region.

    Conclusions:

    • Mixed-spin condensates represent a novel pairing behavior in atomic nuclei.
    • The energy surface for nuclei with mixed-spin pairing can be soft.
    • This softness suggests the possibility of low-lying excitations linked to spin mixing.