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Related Concept Videos

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Traumatic Memory

Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual remembers mundane...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 30, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Stress effects on memory: an update and integration.

Lars Schwabe1, Marian Joëls, Benno Roozendaal

  • 1Department of Cognitive Psychology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany. Lars.Schwabe@rub.de

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
|July 21, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Stress hormones like catecholamines and glucocorticoids differentially impact memory formation and storage. Understanding their distinct actions reveals how stress influences learning and memory consolidation.

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Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: May 30, 2026

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory
08:08

Eye Tracking, Cortisol, and a Sleep vs. Wake Consolidation Delay: Combining Methods to Uncover an Interactive Effect of Sleep and Cortisol on Memory

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Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm
07:26

Assessment of Stress Effects on Cognitive Flexibility using an Operant Strategy Shifting Paradigm

Published on: May 4, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Stressful experiences are known to influence learning and memory.
  • Reported effects of stress on memory are contradictory, with both enhancement and impairment observed.
  • The temporal dynamics of stress hormone action may explain these varied effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate existing models and explain the dual effects of stress on memory.
  • To elucidate the roles of catecholamines and glucocorticoids in memory consolidation.
  • To explore stress effects beyond the amygdala and hippocampus and during brain development.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical integration of two prominent models of stress and memory.
  • Analysis of the time-dependent actions of catecholamines and glucocorticoids.
  • Consideration of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms of hormone action.

Main Results:

  • Rapid catecholamine and non-genomic glucocorticoid actions in the basolateral amygdala promote memory formation.
  • Genomic glucocorticoid actions induce a memory storage mode, suppressing interference.
  • Stress influences learning and memory in broader brain regions and during critical developmental periods.

Conclusions:

  • Stress hormones orchestrate distinct 'modes' for memory formation and storage.
  • The timing and type of stress hormone action are critical for memory consolidation.
  • Stress has long-lasting effects on cognitive function, potentially programmed during development.